NURS 231 PATHOPHYS FINAL EXAM
A0bodybuilder's0muscles0will0display0hyperplasia.0-0ans✔False
Barrett0esophagus
0is0an0example0of0dysplasia0-0ans✔false
hypertrophy0is0an0increase0in0the0size0of0an0organ0or0tissue0caused0by0an0increase0in
0the0number0of0cells0-0ans✔True
Lack0of0nerve0stimulation0can0cause0cells0to0atrophy0-0ans✔True
proportion0of0people0with0a0disease0who0are0positive0for0the0disease0-0ans✔sensitivity
how0likely0the0same0result0will0occur0if0repeated0-0ans✔reliability
how0a0tool0measures0what0it0is0intended0to0measure0-0ans✔validity
people0without0the0disease0who0are0negative0on0a0given0test0-0ans✔specificity
Which0is0NOT0true0of0the0cytoskeleton?0-
0ans✔it0includes0peroxisomes0and0proteasomes
Which0of0the0following0are0true0of0the0cell?0Select0all0that0apply.0-
0ans✔1:0Proteins0carry0out0the0functions0of0the0cell0membrane
2:Lysosomes0are0the0digestive0system0of0the0cell
3:Microfilaments0are0thin,0threadlike0cytoplasmic0structures
Which0are0true0of0the0cell0membrane?0Select0all0that0apply.0-
0ans✔1:0Controls0the0transport0of0materials0from0the0outside0fluids0to0within
2:Helps0with0the0conduction0of0electrical0currents0in0nerve0and0muscle0cells
3:0Aids0in0the0regulation0of0cell0growth0and0proliferation
Which0are0false0of0the0mitochondria?0Select0all0that0apply.0-
0ans✔1:0They0are0found0far0from0the0site0of0energy0consumption.
2:They0control0free0radicals.
,High0blood0pressure0is0an0example0of0which0of0the0following?0-0ans✔pathophysiology
A0patient0complains0of0chest0pain0and0an0elevated0blood0pressure.0What0are0these0ex
amples0of?0-0ans✔signs0and0symptoms
Which0of0the0following0is0true0of0a0test's0sensitivity?0-
0ans✔If0negative,0it0can0safely0be0assumed0that0the0person0does0not0have0a0disease
Chemical0agents0(poison,0alcohol)0are0examples0of0which0of0the0following?0-
0ans✔Etiologic0factors
Define0tertiary0prevention0and0give0an0example:0-
0ans✔Tertiary0prevention0occurs0after0a0disease0has0been0diagnosed0and0clinical0inter
vention0is0needed0to0reduce0complications0or0deterioration.0One0example0is0the0use0o
f0certain0medications0one0must0take0after0a0heart0attack0to0help0reduce0the0risk0of0a0f
uture0event0or0death.
Compare0and0contrast0the0two0types0of0gangrenous0necrosis.0-
0ans✔In0dry0gangrene0the0affected0tissue0becomes0dry0and0shrinks,0the0skin0wrinkles,
0and0its0color0changes0to0dark0brown0or0black.0The0spread0of0dry0gangrene0is0slow.0It
0results0from0a0cut0off0in0arterial0blood0supply0and0is0a0form0of0coagulation0necrosis.0I
n0wet0gangrene,0the0affected0area0is0cold,0swollen,0and0pulseless.0The0skin0is0moist,0
black,0and0under0tension.0Blebs0form0on0the0surface,0liquefaction0occurs,0and0a0foul0o
dor0is0caused0by0bacterial0action.0The0spread0of0tissue0damage0is0rapid.
Explain0what0necrosis0is0and0give0an0example0and0description0of0one0type0of0necrosis
.0-
0ans✔necrosis0is0cell0death0to0an0organ0or0tissue0with0still0being0apart0of0a0living0pers
on.0An0example0of0this0would0be0luiquefactive0necrosis.0this0is0when0the0cells0die0and
0the0catalytic0enzymes0do0not0get0destroyed0after0the0cells0death.0This0could0cause0n
ecrosis
sunburn0-0ans✔radiation0injury
obesity0-0ans✔nutritional0imbalances
reactive0oxygen0species0-0ans✔free0radical0injury
low0oxygen0to0tissues0-0ans✔hypoxic0cell0injury
fractures0-0ans✔physical0agents
OTC0drugs0-0ans✔Chemical0injury
hypothermia0-0ans✔physical0agents
, radiation0treatment0-0ans✔radiation0injury
lead0toxicity0-0ans✔chemical0injury
bacteria0-0ans✔biologic0agents
List0the040types0of0tissue0found0in0the0body.0Pick020and0give0a0description0and0examp
le0of0each.0-0ans✔Epithelial0tissue-
0covers0the0body's0outer0surface,0it0is0avascular0and0gets0its0o20from0the0capillaries0fo
und0in0the0neighboring0connective0tissues,0and0example0of0this0is0simple0squamous0ti
ssue0which0means0one0layer0of0thin0cells.
Muscular0tissue
Nervous0tissue-
0is0found0all0throughout0the0body,0helps0with0communication0between0tissues0and0the0
central0nervous0system.0it0aids0in0the0functions0of0the0body0due0to0internal0and0extern
al0stimuli,0helps0with0movement,0and0electrical0signaling.0neurons0are0an0example0of0t
his,0they0aid0in0communicating0to0other0cells0in0the0body,0they0are0held0and0supported
0by0glial0cells.
Connective0tissue
What0term0means0"cell0eating"0and0engulfs0and0then0kills0microorganisms0or0other0par
ticulate0matter?0-0ans✔Phagocytosis
What0is0the0term0to0describe0when0cells0use0energy0to0move0ions0against0an0electrica
l0or0chemical0gradient?0-0ans✔Active0transport
Give0one0function0of0a0membrane0potential:0-
0ans✔Generate0nerve0impulse,0muscle0contractions,0or0cause0hormone0secretion
What0is0the0term0that0best0describes0the0following0process?
A0transport0protein0aiding0a0lipid0insoluble0or0large0molecule0across0the0cell0membran
e0that0would0otherwise0not0be0able0to0pass0through0on0its0own.0-
0ans✔facilitated0diffusion
Blood0tests0for0tumor0markers0can0make0a0diagnosis0of0cancer.0Why0or0why0not?0-
0ans✔False,0only0tissue0can0diagnose.0Tumor0markers0are0helpful0to0assess0response
0to0therapy0or0reoccurrence.
Tissue0biopsy0is0of0critical0importance0in0what0role?0-
0ans✔Diagnosing0the0correct0cancer0and0histology.
Explain0the0TNM0system:0-0ans✔T0is0the0size0and0local0spread0of0the0primary0tumor.
N0is0the0involvement0of0the0regional0lymph0nodes.
M0is0the0extent0of0the0metastatic0involvement.
A0bodybuilder's0muscles0will0display0hyperplasia.0-0ans✔False
Barrett0esophagus
0is0an0example0of0dysplasia0-0ans✔false
hypertrophy0is0an0increase0in0the0size0of0an0organ0or0tissue0caused0by0an0increase0in
0the0number0of0cells0-0ans✔True
Lack0of0nerve0stimulation0can0cause0cells0to0atrophy0-0ans✔True
proportion0of0people0with0a0disease0who0are0positive0for0the0disease0-0ans✔sensitivity
how0likely0the0same0result0will0occur0if0repeated0-0ans✔reliability
how0a0tool0measures0what0it0is0intended0to0measure0-0ans✔validity
people0without0the0disease0who0are0negative0on0a0given0test0-0ans✔specificity
Which0is0NOT0true0of0the0cytoskeleton?0-
0ans✔it0includes0peroxisomes0and0proteasomes
Which0of0the0following0are0true0of0the0cell?0Select0all0that0apply.0-
0ans✔1:0Proteins0carry0out0the0functions0of0the0cell0membrane
2:Lysosomes0are0the0digestive0system0of0the0cell
3:Microfilaments0are0thin,0threadlike0cytoplasmic0structures
Which0are0true0of0the0cell0membrane?0Select0all0that0apply.0-
0ans✔1:0Controls0the0transport0of0materials0from0the0outside0fluids0to0within
2:Helps0with0the0conduction0of0electrical0currents0in0nerve0and0muscle0cells
3:0Aids0in0the0regulation0of0cell0growth0and0proliferation
Which0are0false0of0the0mitochondria?0Select0all0that0apply.0-
0ans✔1:0They0are0found0far0from0the0site0of0energy0consumption.
2:They0control0free0radicals.
,High0blood0pressure0is0an0example0of0which0of0the0following?0-0ans✔pathophysiology
A0patient0complains0of0chest0pain0and0an0elevated0blood0pressure.0What0are0these0ex
amples0of?0-0ans✔signs0and0symptoms
Which0of0the0following0is0true0of0a0test's0sensitivity?0-
0ans✔If0negative,0it0can0safely0be0assumed0that0the0person0does0not0have0a0disease
Chemical0agents0(poison,0alcohol)0are0examples0of0which0of0the0following?0-
0ans✔Etiologic0factors
Define0tertiary0prevention0and0give0an0example:0-
0ans✔Tertiary0prevention0occurs0after0a0disease0has0been0diagnosed0and0clinical0inter
vention0is0needed0to0reduce0complications0or0deterioration.0One0example0is0the0use0o
f0certain0medications0one0must0take0after0a0heart0attack0to0help0reduce0the0risk0of0a0f
uture0event0or0death.
Compare0and0contrast0the0two0types0of0gangrenous0necrosis.0-
0ans✔In0dry0gangrene0the0affected0tissue0becomes0dry0and0shrinks,0the0skin0wrinkles,
0and0its0color0changes0to0dark0brown0or0black.0The0spread0of0dry0gangrene0is0slow.0It
0results0from0a0cut0off0in0arterial0blood0supply0and0is0a0form0of0coagulation0necrosis.0I
n0wet0gangrene,0the0affected0area0is0cold,0swollen,0and0pulseless.0The0skin0is0moist,0
black,0and0under0tension.0Blebs0form0on0the0surface,0liquefaction0occurs,0and0a0foul0o
dor0is0caused0by0bacterial0action.0The0spread0of0tissue0damage0is0rapid.
Explain0what0necrosis0is0and0give0an0example0and0description0of0one0type0of0necrosis
.0-
0ans✔necrosis0is0cell0death0to0an0organ0or0tissue0with0still0being0apart0of0a0living0pers
on.0An0example0of0this0would0be0luiquefactive0necrosis.0this0is0when0the0cells0die0and
0the0catalytic0enzymes0do0not0get0destroyed0after0the0cells0death.0This0could0cause0n
ecrosis
sunburn0-0ans✔radiation0injury
obesity0-0ans✔nutritional0imbalances
reactive0oxygen0species0-0ans✔free0radical0injury
low0oxygen0to0tissues0-0ans✔hypoxic0cell0injury
fractures0-0ans✔physical0agents
OTC0drugs0-0ans✔Chemical0injury
hypothermia0-0ans✔physical0agents
, radiation0treatment0-0ans✔radiation0injury
lead0toxicity0-0ans✔chemical0injury
bacteria0-0ans✔biologic0agents
List0the040types0of0tissue0found0in0the0body.0Pick020and0give0a0description0and0examp
le0of0each.0-0ans✔Epithelial0tissue-
0covers0the0body's0outer0surface,0it0is0avascular0and0gets0its0o20from0the0capillaries0fo
und0in0the0neighboring0connective0tissues,0and0example0of0this0is0simple0squamous0ti
ssue0which0means0one0layer0of0thin0cells.
Muscular0tissue
Nervous0tissue-
0is0found0all0throughout0the0body,0helps0with0communication0between0tissues0and0the0
central0nervous0system.0it0aids0in0the0functions0of0the0body0due0to0internal0and0extern
al0stimuli,0helps0with0movement,0and0electrical0signaling.0neurons0are0an0example0of0t
his,0they0aid0in0communicating0to0other0cells0in0the0body,0they0are0held0and0supported
0by0glial0cells.
Connective0tissue
What0term0means0"cell0eating"0and0engulfs0and0then0kills0microorganisms0or0other0par
ticulate0matter?0-0ans✔Phagocytosis
What0is0the0term0to0describe0when0cells0use0energy0to0move0ions0against0an0electrica
l0or0chemical0gradient?0-0ans✔Active0transport
Give0one0function0of0a0membrane0potential:0-
0ans✔Generate0nerve0impulse,0muscle0contractions,0or0cause0hormone0secretion
What0is0the0term0that0best0describes0the0following0process?
A0transport0protein0aiding0a0lipid0insoluble0or0large0molecule0across0the0cell0membran
e0that0would0otherwise0not0be0able0to0pass0through0on0its0own.0-
0ans✔facilitated0diffusion
Blood0tests0for0tumor0markers0can0make0a0diagnosis0of0cancer.0Why0or0why0not?0-
0ans✔False,0only0tissue0can0diagnose.0Tumor0markers0are0helpful0to0assess0response
0to0therapy0or0reoccurrence.
Tissue0biopsy0is0of0critical0importance0in0what0role?0-
0ans✔Diagnosing0the0correct0cancer0and0histology.
Explain0the0TNM0system:0-0ans✔T0is0the0size0and0local0spread0of0the0primary0tumor.
N0is0the0involvement0of0the0regional0lymph0nodes.
M0is0the0extent0of0the0metastatic0involvement.
