NUR 2063 Module 4–6 Final Exam Prep: Accurate Questions and Fully Explained Solutions (2026)

NUR 2063 Module 4–6 Final Exam Prep: Accurate Questions and Fully Explained Solutions (2026) 1. Clinical manifestations of Hypothyroidism - ANSWER cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, bradycardia ◦Bradycardia (HR 60) is most indicative of hypothyroidism 2. Treatment of hypothyroidism - ANSWER thyroid hormone replacement, weight management, constipation measures, and avoidance of cold temperatures 3. Myxedema - ANSWER rare and life-threatening advanced hypothyroidism ◦Lack of thyroid hormone contributes to non-pitting edema 4. Manifestations of Myxedema - ANSWER include marked hypotension, respiratory depression, hypothermia, lethargy, and coma 5. Hyperthyroidism - ANSWER excessive levels of thyroid hormones, resulting in a hypermetabolic state ◦A condition of excessive levels of thyroid hormones, resulting in a hypermetabolic state 6. Hyperthyroidism Clinical manifestations - ANSWER ◦Tachycardia, restlessness, weight loss, amenorrhea, intolerance to heat, and eyes appear to be bulging 7. Graves disease - ANSWER an autoimmune condition that stimulates thyroid hormone production 8. Typical signs of Graves' disease - ANSWER ◦ exophthalmos and tachycardia 9. Thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm) is a medical emergency which - ANSWER ◦A sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that may occur with infection or stress 10. Thyrotoxicosis manifestation - ANSWER ◦Fever, decreased level of consciousness, and abdominal pain may occur 11. Parathyroid Glands - ANSWER ◦Usually four in number, located on the posterior surface of the thyroid ◦Play an important role in calcium regulation 12. Parathyroid Glands Abnormal functioning can result in - ANSWER imbalances of calcium electrolyte 13. Hypoparathyroidism - ANSWER parathyroid gland does not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH) 14. Hypoparathyroidism Leads to - ANSWER abnormally low serum calcium levels and an increase of serum phosphorus 15. Hypoparathyroidism causes - ANSWER congenital defects (a lack of one or more of the four parathyroid glands) and damage (e.g., surgery, radiation, or autoimmune conditions) 16. Hypoparathyroidism complications - ANSWER hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and metabolic alkalosis 17. Hypoparathyroidism manifestations - ANSWER ◦monitor s/s hypocalcemia (e.g., Chvostek and Trousseau sign) 18. Hyperparathyroidism - ANSWER condition of excessive PTH production by the parathyroid glands 19. Hyperparathyroidism causes - ANSWER ◦Thyroid tumor is a cause of hyperparathyroidism 20. Hyperparathyroidism treatment - ANSWER ◦Treatment varies depending on the underlying etiology 21. ◦Surgery or radiation (after parathyroidectomy monitor s/s hypocalcemia (e.g., Chvostek and Trousseau sign) 22. Hyperparathyroidism can lead to - ANSWER ◦Hypercalcemia most likely occur as PTH raises the level of calcium in the blood and PTH causes calcium to be released from bones ◦Loss of calcium from the bones can lead to weak, brittle bones 23. Adrenal glands - ANSWER located on each kidney 24. Inner portion (medulla) and outer portion (cortex) Medulla produces - ANSWER epinephrine and norepinephrine during times of stress ◦Mediate the flight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system 25. Cortex produces different steroids - ANSWER ◦Mineralocorticoids ◦Glucocorticoids ◦Gonadocorticoids, or sex hormones: 26. Mineralocorticoids - ANSWER ◦: primarily aldosterone, which acts to conserve sodium and water 27. What is the most common cause of hyperaldosteronism - ANSWER Adrenal tumor 28. Glucocorticoids - ANSWER ◦primarily cortisol, which increases serum glucose levels 29. Gonadocorticoids, or sex hormones: - ANSWER ◦male and female hormones are secreted in minimal amounts in both sexes 30. Types of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - ANSWER type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes 31. Gastrointestinal system is responsible for - ANSWER ▪intake, digestion, and elimination of foods and fluids ▪Proper functioning is key to adequate nutrition 32. Gastrointestinal system includes - ANSWER Upper division, lower division, Hepatobiliary 33. Upper division - ANSWER oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach 34. lower division - ANSWER small intestine, large intestine, and anus 35. Hepatobiliary - ANSWER liver, gallbladder, and pancreas 36. Dysphasia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing ◦Weight loss is an expected finding with progressive dysphasia 37. Example of Dyshphasia - ANSWER An infant presenting with congenital birth defects, cleft lift and cleft palate, results in difficulties with feedings 38. Hiatal hernia - ANSWER ▪a stomach section protrudes upward through an opening in the diaphragm that the esophagus passes through ▪weakening of the diaphragm muscle most likely caused from increased intra-abdominal pressure 39. Gastritis - ANSWER ▪inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining ▪Acute gastritis - can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage 40. Gastritis usually develops - ANSWER suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain 41. What is associated with acute gastritis - ANSWER Epigastric pain 42. Chronic gastritis - ANSWER ▪develops gradually ▪May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake 43. Complications of chronic gastritis - ANSWER peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage 44. Gastroenteritis - ANSWER Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic reaction 45. If is left Gastroenteritis untreated - ANSWER electrolyte imbalances and dehydration may occur 46. Gastroesophageal reflux disease - ANSWER chyme or bile periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa 47. Manifestations gastroesophageal reflux disease - ANSWER heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat 48. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is often confused - ANSWER with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease 49. Gastroesophageal reflux disease complications - ANSWER esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease 50. Esophageal cancer - ANSWER is a serious potential complication of gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) 51. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) - ANSWER lesions affecting stomach lining or duodenum (small intestine) 52. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is caused by - ANSWER Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections 53. Clinical manifestation of Peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER Heartburn 54. peptic ulcer in the stomach is called - ANSWER gastric ulcer 55. peptic ulcer that develops in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) is called a - ANSWER duodenal ulcer 56. Duodenal ulcers are mostly associated with - ANSWER excessive acid or Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections 57. Duodenal ulcers are typically present with epigastric pain - ANSWER that is relieved in the presence of food 58. Epigastric pain - ANSWER may begin in the middle of the night or 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when the stomach is empty