NUR 7560 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 2024 COMPLETE UPDATE A+ GRADED

Differences b/w dysplasia, hyperplasia, physiological (6 q) a. Dysplasia = deranged growth immature cells of a specific tissue that results in atypical cells (cells vary in size, shape, and appearance) i. often a precursor of cancer (ex. cervical dysplasia – cells start to change + become precancerous or cancerous) ii. * Google: Dysplasia refers to an abnormality in the maturation of cells within a tissue; consists of an increase in immature cells with a corresponding decrease in mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process (neoplasia is the process underlying cancer and some benign tumors) b. Hyperplasia = increase in the # of cells in an organ or tissue i. an organ can get enlarged as a result ii. normal cells but there are more in number compared to normal human body iii. CONTROLLED process that occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus (could be physiologic or non) and goes away once the stimulus leaves. iv. Physiologic hyperplasia: 1. Ex. Hormonal – breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy 2. Ex. Compensatory – liver regeneration after partial liver removal HYPERTROPHY: • Compensatory – liver part cut off and regrows? • Adaptive – CHF + bladder v. Non-physiologic hyperplasia: due to excess hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target tissues c. Metaplasia = reversible! one cell type converts into another cell type that can better endure the change/stress (occurs when body goes into new “environment”, if the stimulus is no longer present, cells will come into their