BTEC Level 3 National Sport and Exercise Sciences Student Book
This document covers all the content needed to complete the Pearson's BTEC Unit 1 Anatomy and Physiology Exam. The revision has been produced for a Distinction Star Student this year!
Unit 2 - Part A - Research & Exam Notes - BTEC in Sport 2016
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Unit 1 - Anatomy and Physiology
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BTEC Sport EOY Exam Revision
BTEC Sport - Skeletal System - Unit 1 Revision
Types of bone:
LONG - They are longer than they are wide, act as a lever to create movement, they
also produce red blood cells. (EG: Humerus, Tibia, Femur)
SHORT - Provides Support and Stability, used for weight bearing, absorb shock. (EG:
carpals, tarsals)
FLAT - protect internal organs, Attach muscles and produce blood (EG: cranium, ribs,
sternum)
SESAMOID - reduce friction between a joint and is within a tendon (EG: patella)
Areas of the skeleton:
AXIAL SKELETON:
The axial skeleton protects and supports the internal organs and
the body.
The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes the
bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone of the throat,
vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (ribcage).
APPENDICULAR SKELETON:
All the bones of the appendicular skeleton are responsible for making
movement of our bodies possible.
The appendicular skeleton supports the attachment and functions of
the upper and lower limbs of the human body.
THE SPINE:
The normal spine has an S-shaped curve when viewed from the side.
This shape allows for an even distribution of weight and flexibility of
movement.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
Cervical
- smallest vertebrae
- support the head and neck
- top vertebra (atlas) allows head to nod
- second vertebra (axis) allows head to rotate
Thoracic
- ribs are attached to the thoracic vertebrae, making a protective cage
- allow some movement, bending forward, backward and side to side
Lumbar
- largest vertebrae
- large range of movement allows much flexibility; bending forward, backward and side to side
- prone to injury
Sacrum
- bones of sacral vertebrae are fused together
- make a strong base and transmit force from legs to upper body
Coccyx
- fused vertebrae, no special use.
POSTURAL DEVIATIONS:
Scoliosis - An excessive lateral spinal curvature (either to left or right) most likely to occur in the thoracic region. Not caused by bad
posture, mainly from inheritance.
Kyphosis - (aka hunchback) which is an excessive curve in thoracic vertebrae, which is caused by bad posture.
, Process of bone growth:
Ossification is the term used to describe the process in which bones are formed. During this process parts of the bone are
reabsorbed so that calcium that is not needed is removed and this is done by cells called osteoclasts while new layers of bone tissue
are created.
The cells that bring the calcium to your bones are known as osteoblasts and are responsible for creating bone matter. Osteoblast
activity increases when you exercise, meaning bones become stronger when you do more exercise. This means that your bone
calcium stores increase to be able to deal with the demand for calcium. This also reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
The ends of each long bone have growing areas (or plates) and this is what allows the bone to grow longer. This then continues
throughout childhood until they mature fully. These areas are called epiphyseal plates and allow the long bones to extend. Once a
long bone is fully formed, the head - or end of each bone - fuses with the main shaft to create the epiphyseal line.
Function of the skeletal system:
Movement – the skeleton allows movement of the body as a whole and its individual parts. The bones act as levers and also form
joints that allow muscles to pull on them and produce joint movements.
Support – the skeleton keeps the body upright and provides a framework for muscle and tissue attachment.
Protection – the bones of the skeleton protect the internal organs and reduce the risk of injury on impact. For example, the cranium
protects the brain, the ribs offer protection to the heart and lungs, the vertebrae protect the spinal cord and the pelvis offers
protection to the sensitive reproductive organs.
Production of blood cells – certain bones in the skeleton contain red bone marrow and the bone marrow produces red blood cells,
white blood cells and platelets. Examples of bones that contain marrow are the pelvis, sternum, vertebrae and clavicle.
Mineral storage – the bones themselves are made of minerals and act as a mineral store for calcium and phosphorus, which can be
given up if the body requires the minerals for other functions.
Structural shape – the skeleton provides the human shape and determines the height of a person.
Joints:
Classification of joints:
Type of joint Characteristics Examples
Fixed Joint (Fibrous) These joints are fixed and Cranium
allow no movement Sacrum
Coccygeal
Slightly moveable (Cartilaginous) These joints are slightly Between the individual Vertebrae
moveable
Moveable (Synovial) These are freely moveable Elbow (hinge)
joints. The shape of bones Shoulder (ball & socket)
determines the range of Thumb (saddle)
movement
Types of Synovial Joints:
Ball and socket - Involves a rounded surface of a bone which moves within a depression on another bone, allowing greater freedom
of movement than any other kind of joint. Example: Shoulder and leg.
Hinge - A hinge joint is a type of synovial joint that only serves to allow motion primarily in one plane. Example: Knee and elbow
joint.
Pivot - A freely moveable joint that allows only rotary movement around a single axis. The moving bone rotates within a ring that is
formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament. Examples: Radius and ulna allowing the rotation of your forearm and the joint
between the first and second vertebrae on your neck.
Saddle - This joint involves one bone which is a concave (turned inwards) at one end and looks like a saddle then the other bone's
end is a convex (turned outward) and looks like a rider in a saddle. Example: The trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of your thumb.
Planar - Bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. These joints allow for gliding movements. The range of
motion is limited in these joints and does not involve rotation. Examples: The joints between the metacarpal bones of the hand and
those between the cuneiform bones of the foot.
Condyloid - Are composed of an egg-shaped bone and known as a condyle that fits into a similarly shaped cavity. Although it sounds
similar to a ball and socket joint, condyloid joints only allow for forward-backward and side to side movement and do not allow
rotation.. Example: Finger joints
Range of movements at synovial joints:
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