Royal Holloway University of London • Physical Geography

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 4 - Reconstructing the past - Proxies and archives II Topics covered: limitations of geomorphic proxies, fluvial landforms

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 4 - Reconstructing the past -Proxies and archives II Topics covered: plant macrofossils, diatoms, colleoptera, vertebrates, strengths and weaknesses of biological proxies, geomorphic proxies, moraines

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 3 - Reconstructing the past - Proxies and Archives I Topics covered: ocean sediments, long archives, ice core records, loess, lake sequences Recommended reading available at Lecture 3 continued & Lecture 4

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 2 - Environmental Change - Climate Pacemakers Topics covered: obliquity, precession, problems with Milankovitch theory, deep sea sediments Recommended reading available at Lecture 2 continued & Lecture 3

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 1- Environmental Change - an introduction to environmental change Topics covered: interglacials, reading Recommended reading include Lecture 2 - Environmental Change - Climate pacemakers Topics covered: development of quaternary science, orbital forcing, eccentricity Recommended reading available at Lecture 2 continued & Lecture 3

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture 1 - Environmental Change - An introduction to environmental change Topics covered: terminology, concerns about future climate change, why focus on the quaternary, glacials Recommended reading available at Lecture 2 continued & Lecture 3

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture summary on environmental change part 2: dating the past, the last interglacial-glacial cycle, abrupt climate change, evolution, adaption and extinction. Includes recommended readings (available to download in this module).

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Lecture summary on environmental change: introduction, climate pacemakers, proxies and archives. Includes recommended readings (available to download in this module).

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Based on previous exam questions (2012,13 &15), breakdowns of key themes and theory needed to answer these questions. These themes include: proxies and archives, climate pacemakers

*All profits donated to the Black Lives Matter Movement.* Based on previous exam questions (2011,14 &15), breakdowns of key themes and theory needed to answer these questions. These themes include: dating the past, abrupt climate change, the last interglacial, evolution, adaptation and extinction.