Page 1 of 48
NSG 533 EXAM 1/ NSG 533 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL
EXAM| COMPLETE 150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+|| NEW!!
5 essential components of pathophysiology .....ANSWER..... 1.
Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease .....ANSWER.....
idiopathic and cryptogenic
define iatrogenic .....ANSWER..... etiology of disease as a result
of surgical/medical intervention
,Page 2 of 48
define incidence of epidemiology .....ANSWER..... the new
number of cases in a given population in a specific time period
define prevalence of epidemiology .....ANSWER..... number of
cases, both old and new, during a specific time period
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death
.....ANSWER..... 1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
what is the most common stressor of disease .....ANSWER..... ATP
deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? .....ANSWER..... 1.
Anaerobic (glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? .....ANSWER..... 2
,Page 3 of 48
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield?
.....ANSWER..... 36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP
production may be impaired? .....ANSWER..... 1. Hypoxia
2.
ischemia .....ANSWER..... reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion .....ANSWER.....
obstruction --> ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a)
sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased anaerobic
glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to
decreased ATP production .....ANSWER..... normally, most sodium
ions are outside the cell and most potassium ions are inside the
cell
, Page 4 of 48
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and
calcium, and potassium freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? .....ANSWER.....
Rough ER with ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis
due to decreased ATP production .....ANSWER..... glycogen is
decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
define free radicals .....ANSWER..... unstable compounds with an
unpaired electron
why are free radicals bad? .....ANSWER..... they bind to the
phospholipid bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its membrane
NSG 533 EXAM 1/ NSG 533 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL
EXAM| COMPLETE 150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+|| NEW!!
5 essential components of pathophysiology .....ANSWER..... 1.
Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease .....ANSWER.....
idiopathic and cryptogenic
define iatrogenic .....ANSWER..... etiology of disease as a result
of surgical/medical intervention
,Page 2 of 48
define incidence of epidemiology .....ANSWER..... the new
number of cases in a given population in a specific time period
define prevalence of epidemiology .....ANSWER..... number of
cases, both old and new, during a specific time period
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death
.....ANSWER..... 1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
what is the most common stressor of disease .....ANSWER..... ATP
deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? .....ANSWER..... 1.
Anaerobic (glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? .....ANSWER..... 2
,Page 3 of 48
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield?
.....ANSWER..... 36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP
production may be impaired? .....ANSWER..... 1. Hypoxia
2.
ischemia .....ANSWER..... reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion .....ANSWER.....
obstruction --> ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a)
sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased anaerobic
glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to
decreased ATP production .....ANSWER..... normally, most sodium
ions are outside the cell and most potassium ions are inside the
cell
, Page 4 of 48
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and
calcium, and potassium freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? .....ANSWER.....
Rough ER with ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis
due to decreased ATP production .....ANSWER..... glycogen is
decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
define free radicals .....ANSWER..... unstable compounds with an
unpaired electron
why are free radicals bad? .....ANSWER..... they bind to the
phospholipid bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its membrane
