Criminal Justice Today An
ST
Introductory text for the 21st century
UV
– 16th Edition
IA
TEST BANK
_A
PP
Frank Schmalleger
RO
VE
Comprehensive Test Bank for Instructors
D?
and Students
??
© Frank Schmalleger
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
©STUDYSTREAM
, CONTENTS
ST
To the Instructor iv
Syllabi v
UV
Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice? 1
Chapter 2: The Crime Picture 17
Chapter 3: The Search for Causes 31
IA
Chapter 4: Criminal Law 47
Chapter 5: Policing: History and Structure 58
_A
Chapter 6: Policing: Purpose and Organization 72
Chapter 7: Policing: Legal Aspects 82
Chapter 8: Policing: Issues and Challenges 94
PP
Chapter 9: The Courts: Structure and Participants 104
Chapter 10: Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial 114
Chapter 11: Sentencing 122
RO
Chapter 12: Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections 135
Chapter 13: Prisons and Jails 144
Chapter 14: Prison Life 154
VE
Chapter 15: Juvenile Justice 165
Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime 174
Chapter 17: Terrorism, Multinational Criminal Justice, and Global Issues 184
D?
Chapter 18: High-Technology Crimes 194
??
iii
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, TEST BANK
ST
Chapter 1 201 Chapter 10 413
Chapter 2 225 Chapter 11 436
Chapter 3 251 Chapter 12 468
UV
Chapter 4 274 Chapter 13 490
Chapter 5 296 Chapter 14 514
Chapter 6 316 Chapter 15 536
IA
Chapter 7 339 Chapter 16 561
Chapter 8 363 Chapter 17 584
_A
Chapter 9 386 Chapter 18 608
PP
RO
VE
D?
??
iv
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1
What Is Criminal Justice?
ST
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 introduces the subject of criminal justice. It describes the major theme of the book and
discusses whether the criminal justice process actually functions as a “system”. It then provides
UV
an overview of the criminal justice process and the textbook as a whole. Finally, it discusses
multiculturalism and diversity and the unique challenges and opportunities they present for the
criminal justice system.
The major theme of the book, individual rights versus public order, is a primary
determinant of the nature of contemporary criminal justice. Individual rights advocates focus on
protecting personal freedoms and civil rights within our society while public order advocates
IA
suggest that under certain circumstances involving criminal threats to public safety, the interests
of society should take precedence over individual rights. Individual rights and community
interests are delicately balanced in our criminal justice system. Attempts to expand individual
rights affect community interests; conversely, as community interests have expanded more
_A
recently, individual rights have been limited. Balancing these competing interests revolves around
individual conceptions of social justice.
The criminal justice system includes a number of component agencies: police, courts, and
corrections. However, whether it functions as a “system” has been called into question. The
consensus model supports the system view, arguing that there is a high level of cooperation
PP
among agencies and individuals in the system, and that the components of the system operate
without conflict. Conversely, the conflict model of criminal justice views the operation of these
components from a different perspective, arguing that the goals of individual agencies differ and
various external pressures fragment their efforts, leading to a criminal justice “nonsystem.”
Both models have value in helping us understand the operation of the criminal justice system.
RO
Although the agencies of justice have a diversity of functions, they are linked closely enough for
the term system to be applied. However, their sheer size makes effective inter-agency cooperation
difficult.
The author provides an overview of the book and introduces the stages in the justice process.
In general, the criminal justice process begins with the police who are responsible for conducting
an investigation, making an arrest if probable cause can be established, and booking the
VE
suspect. Pretrial activities begin with the first appearance, where the suspect is brought before a
judge and may have the opportunity for bail. A preliminary hearing will then be conducted to
determine whether there is probable cause and whether the criminal justice process should
continue. In some states, the prosecutor may then seek to continue the case by filing an
information with the court; in others, an indictment must be returned by a grand jury before
D?
prosecution can proceed. The suspect then goes to arraignment and is asked to enter a plea. If
the defendant does not plead guilty, a trial will be held. After conviction, the judge imposes
punishment in the form of a sentence, after which the corrections stage begins.
As required by the U.S. Constitution, criminal justice case processing must be conducted with
fairness and equity, also known as due process. Due process underlies the Bill of Rights; the
guarantees in the Bill of Rights has been interpreted and clarified by the Supreme Court. Court
??
decisions provide rights in practice and often carry as much weight as legislative action.
The two models of justice are also discussed. The crime-control model values efficiency
while the due process model emphasizes individual rights. While these goals appear opposing, it
1
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
ST
Introductory text for the 21st century
UV
– 16th Edition
IA
TEST BANK
_A
PP
Frank Schmalleger
RO
VE
Comprehensive Test Bank for Instructors
D?
and Students
??
© Frank Schmalleger
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
©STUDYSTREAM
, CONTENTS
ST
To the Instructor iv
Syllabi v
UV
Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice? 1
Chapter 2: The Crime Picture 17
Chapter 3: The Search for Causes 31
IA
Chapter 4: Criminal Law 47
Chapter 5: Policing: History and Structure 58
_A
Chapter 6: Policing: Purpose and Organization 72
Chapter 7: Policing: Legal Aspects 82
Chapter 8: Policing: Issues and Challenges 94
PP
Chapter 9: The Courts: Structure and Participants 104
Chapter 10: Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial 114
Chapter 11: Sentencing 122
RO
Chapter 12: Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections 135
Chapter 13: Prisons and Jails 144
Chapter 14: Prison Life 154
VE
Chapter 15: Juvenile Justice 165
Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime 174
Chapter 17: Terrorism, Multinational Criminal Justice, and Global Issues 184
D?
Chapter 18: High-Technology Crimes 194
??
iii
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, TEST BANK
ST
Chapter 1 201 Chapter 10 413
Chapter 2 225 Chapter 11 436
Chapter 3 251 Chapter 12 468
UV
Chapter 4 274 Chapter 13 490
Chapter 5 296 Chapter 14 514
Chapter 6 316 Chapter 15 536
IA
Chapter 7 339 Chapter 16 561
Chapter 8 363 Chapter 17 584
_A
Chapter 9 386 Chapter 18 608
PP
RO
VE
D?
??
iv
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1
What Is Criminal Justice?
ST
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 introduces the subject of criminal justice. It describes the major theme of the book and
discusses whether the criminal justice process actually functions as a “system”. It then provides
UV
an overview of the criminal justice process and the textbook as a whole. Finally, it discusses
multiculturalism and diversity and the unique challenges and opportunities they present for the
criminal justice system.
The major theme of the book, individual rights versus public order, is a primary
determinant of the nature of contemporary criminal justice. Individual rights advocates focus on
protecting personal freedoms and civil rights within our society while public order advocates
IA
suggest that under certain circumstances involving criminal threats to public safety, the interests
of society should take precedence over individual rights. Individual rights and community
interests are delicately balanced in our criminal justice system. Attempts to expand individual
rights affect community interests; conversely, as community interests have expanded more
_A
recently, individual rights have been limited. Balancing these competing interests revolves around
individual conceptions of social justice.
The criminal justice system includes a number of component agencies: police, courts, and
corrections. However, whether it functions as a “system” has been called into question. The
consensus model supports the system view, arguing that there is a high level of cooperation
PP
among agencies and individuals in the system, and that the components of the system operate
without conflict. Conversely, the conflict model of criminal justice views the operation of these
components from a different perspective, arguing that the goals of individual agencies differ and
various external pressures fragment their efforts, leading to a criminal justice “nonsystem.”
Both models have value in helping us understand the operation of the criminal justice system.
RO
Although the agencies of justice have a diversity of functions, they are linked closely enough for
the term system to be applied. However, their sheer size makes effective inter-agency cooperation
difficult.
The author provides an overview of the book and introduces the stages in the justice process.
In general, the criminal justice process begins with the police who are responsible for conducting
an investigation, making an arrest if probable cause can be established, and booking the
VE
suspect. Pretrial activities begin with the first appearance, where the suspect is brought before a
judge and may have the opportunity for bail. A preliminary hearing will then be conducted to
determine whether there is probable cause and whether the criminal justice process should
continue. In some states, the prosecutor may then seek to continue the case by filing an
information with the court; in others, an indictment must be returned by a grand jury before
D?
prosecution can proceed. The suspect then goes to arraignment and is asked to enter a plea. If
the defendant does not plead guilty, a trial will be held. After conviction, the judge imposes
punishment in the form of a sentence, after which the corrections stage begins.
As required by the U.S. Constitution, criminal justice case processing must be conducted with
fairness and equity, also known as due process. Due process underlies the Bill of Rights; the
guarantees in the Bill of Rights has been interpreted and clarified by the Supreme Court. Court
??
decisions provide rights in practice and often carry as much weight as legislative action.
The two models of justice are also discussed. The crime-control model values efficiency
while the due process model emphasizes individual rights. While these goals appear opposing, it
1
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
