Grammar summary year 1 semester 1

Grammar summary period 1 and 2
Chapter 1: Word classes
- Nouns (zelfstandige naamwoorden)
o Countable nouns
 Telbare zelfstandige naamwoorden
 Can take a/an and have a plural
 Table(s), house(s), computer(s)
o Uncountable nouns
 Niet-telbare zelfstandige naamwoorden
 Cannot take a/an and they have no plural
 Music, milk, wood
o Proper nouns
 Eigen namen
 Names of places, people and things
 London, Paul, Christmas
- Articles (lidwoord)
o Definite article
 Bepaald lidwoord
 The
 The woman, the university, the answer
o Indefinite article
 Onbepaald lidwoord
 A/an
 A woman, a university, an answer
- Verbs (werkwoorden)
o Predicator
 Gezegde
 Alle werkwoorden in een zin
o Lexical verb (or main verb, notional verb, ordinary verb)
 Zelfstandig werkwoord
 It does not need another verb
 He works in an office
o Auxiliary
 Hulpwerkwoord
 A verb that cannot form the predicator on its own
 Express a certain meaning, such as obligation, permission,
ability and possibility (also called modal auxiliaries, modal verbs
or modals)
 Will, shall, have, can, may, must
 I can/will help you

, o Subject complement
 Naamwoordelijk deel van het gezegde
 Additional information about a subject (also called link verb,
linking verb, copula: koppelwerkwoord  a verb that connects
the subject to the subject complement)
 Be, become, get, grow (worden), seem, feel, smell, taste,
look, sound
 This smells/tastes good
- Adjectives
 Bijvoeglijk naamwoord
 Tells something about a noun
 You can make degrees of comparison (trappen van vergelijking)
 Cold, colder, coldest
 It is a cold day. But it was colder yesterday.
 Interesting, more interesting, most interesting
 That is an interesting book. But this book is more
interesting.
- Adverbs
 Bijwoord
 Refers to a verb (werkwoord), adjective (bijvoeglijk naamwoord)
or another adverb (bijwoord)
 Are formed by adding ‘-ly’ to the adjective (except for hard & fast)
 A hard worker. He works hard.
 A fast car. Don’t drive so fast.
 Sommige bijwoorden stammen niet af van bijvoeglijke
naamwoorden (always, never, often, soon, sometimes)
 She worked accurately
 It was extremely hot
 He worked extremely accurately
- Pronouns
o Personal pronouns
 Persoonlijke voornaamwoorden
 Often used as a subject or object
 I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they, him, us, them
o Possessive pronouns
 Bezittelijke voornaamwoorden
 Indicate possession
 My, your, her, his, its, our, your, their
o Demonstrative pronouns
 Aanwijzende voornaamwoorden
 To point at something
 This, that, these, those
o Interrogate pronouns
 Vragende voornaamwoorden
 Used in questions
 Who, what, which
 Who’s there?


o Relative pronouns

,  Betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden
 Refer to preceding persons and things
 Who, which, that
 He has one daughter, who is 10 years old
o Indefinite pronouns
 Onbepaalde voornaamwoorden
 Refer to indefinite (onbepaalde) persons or things
 Some, any, every, each, all
o Reflexive pronouns
 Wederkerende voornaamwoorden
 Are pronouns ending in ‘-self’
 Myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves
- Conjunctions (voegwoord)
 A word which joins together words, word groups and clauses
(groups of words containing a subject and a verb: main clauses
(hoofdzinnen) and subclauses (bijzinnen)
 And, or, because, until, though, if, unless, while, when,
before, as
 He plays football and tennis
 I will call you back this afternoon or tomorrow morning
 I waited at home until she arrived
 She went to bed because she was tired
- Prepositions (voorzetsels)
 Often indicate place, time, direction
 Usually placed before a noun
 In, into, on, at, from, of, under, over, above, below,
behind, between
 In the garden
 On the roof
 Behind the tree