Gezondheidswetenschappen 2020/2021
CELLEN
,Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1 An introduction to Biology ............................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Levels of Biology ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Core concepts of biology............................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Biological Evolution ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Classification of living things ........................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 2 The chemical basis of life 1: Atoms, Molecules and Water ............................................................... 7
2.1 Atoms ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Chemical bonds and molecules..................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Properties of water ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 3 The chemical basis of life 2: organic molecules .............................................................................. 15
3.1 The carbon atom ........................................................................................................................................ 15
3.2 formation of organic molecules and macromolecules ............................................................................... 16
3.3 overview of the four major classes of organic molecules found in living cells............................................ 16
3.4 Carbohydrates ............................................................................................................................................ 17
3.5 lipids ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.6 proteins....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 4 Evolutionary origin of Cells and their General features .................................................................. 20
4.1 origin of living cells on earth ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.2 microscopy.................................................................................................................................................. 20
4.3 Overview of cell structure and function ...................................................................................................... 21
4.4 the cytosol .................................................................................................................................................. 22
4.5 the nucleus and endomembrane system .................................................................................................... 25
Chapter 5 Membrane Structure, Synthesis and Transport .............................................................................. 28
5.1 membrane structure ................................................................................................................................... 28
5.2 fluidity of membranes ................................................................................................................................ 28
5.3 synthesis of membrane components in eukaryotic cells ............................................................................ 29
Chapter 6 An Introduction to Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism .................................................................... 34
6.2 Enzymes and ribosomes ............................................................................................................................. 35
6.3 overview of metabolism ............................................................................................................................. 37
6.4 Recycling of organic molecules ................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation ........................................................................................... 40
7.1 overview of cellular respiration .................................................................................................................. 40
7.2 glycolysis ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
7.3 breakdown of pyruvate .............................................................................................................................. 41
7.4 citric acid cycle............................................................................................................................................ 42
1
, 7.5 overview of oxidative phosphorylation ...................................................................................................... 42
7.6 a closer look at ATP synthase ..................................................................................................................... 44
7.7 connections among carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism ............................................................... 45
7.8 anaerobic respiration and fermentation .................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 9 Cell communication ....................................................................................................................... 48
9.1 general features of cell communication ..................................................................................................... 48
9.2 Cellular receptors and their activation ....................................................................................................... 49
9.3 signal transduction and the cellular response ............................................................................................ 51
9.4 hormonal signaling in multicellular organisms .......................................................................................... 53
Chapter 10 Multicellularity ............................................................................................................................. 55
10.1 extracellular matrix .................................................................................................................................. 55
10.2 cell junctions ............................................................................................................................................. 57
2
, Chapter 1 An introduction to Biology
1.1 Levels of Biology
Atoms
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of the element.
All matter is composed of atoms.
Molecules and macromolecules
Atoms bond with each other to form molecules.
Cells
The simplest unit of life is the cell. A cell is surrounded by a membrane and contains a variety
of molecules and macromolecules. Unicellular organisms are composed of one cell, whereas
multicellular organisms contain many cells.
Tissues
In multicellular organisms, many cells of the same type associate with each other to form
tissue.
Organs
An organ is composed of two or more types of tissues.
Organism
All living things can be called organisms. Organisms can be classified to different species,
which is a related group of organisms that share a distinct form and set of attributes in
nature.
Population
A group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment is called a
population.
Community
A biological community is an assemblage of populations of different species. The types of
species found in a community are determined by the environment and by the interactions of
the species with each other.
Ecosystem
Ecosystems are formed by interaction of a community of organisms with their physical
environment.
Biosphere
The biosphere includes all of the places on the earth where living organisms exist. Life is
found in the air, in bodies of water, on the land and in the soil.
1.2 Core concepts of biology
There are five core concepts of biology:
1. Evolution: The diversity of life evolved over time by processes of mutation, natural
selection, and genetic exchange;
2. Structure and function: Basic units of structure define the function of all living things;
3. Information flow, exchange, and storage: The growth and behavior of organisms are
activated through the expression of genetic information;
4. Pathway and transformations of energy and matter: Biological systems grow and
change via processes that are based on chemical transformation pathways and are
governed by the laws of thermodynamics;
3
CELLEN
,Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1 An introduction to Biology ............................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Levels of Biology ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Core concepts of biology............................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Biological Evolution ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Classification of living things ........................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 2 The chemical basis of life 1: Atoms, Molecules and Water ............................................................... 7
2.1 Atoms ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Chemical bonds and molecules..................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Properties of water ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 3 The chemical basis of life 2: organic molecules .............................................................................. 15
3.1 The carbon atom ........................................................................................................................................ 15
3.2 formation of organic molecules and macromolecules ............................................................................... 16
3.3 overview of the four major classes of organic molecules found in living cells............................................ 16
3.4 Carbohydrates ............................................................................................................................................ 17
3.5 lipids ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.6 proteins....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 4 Evolutionary origin of Cells and their General features .................................................................. 20
4.1 origin of living cells on earth ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.2 microscopy.................................................................................................................................................. 20
4.3 Overview of cell structure and function ...................................................................................................... 21
4.4 the cytosol .................................................................................................................................................. 22
4.5 the nucleus and endomembrane system .................................................................................................... 25
Chapter 5 Membrane Structure, Synthesis and Transport .............................................................................. 28
5.1 membrane structure ................................................................................................................................... 28
5.2 fluidity of membranes ................................................................................................................................ 28
5.3 synthesis of membrane components in eukaryotic cells ............................................................................ 29
Chapter 6 An Introduction to Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism .................................................................... 34
6.2 Enzymes and ribosomes ............................................................................................................................. 35
6.3 overview of metabolism ............................................................................................................................. 37
6.4 Recycling of organic molecules ................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation ........................................................................................... 40
7.1 overview of cellular respiration .................................................................................................................. 40
7.2 glycolysis ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
7.3 breakdown of pyruvate .............................................................................................................................. 41
7.4 citric acid cycle............................................................................................................................................ 42
1
, 7.5 overview of oxidative phosphorylation ...................................................................................................... 42
7.6 a closer look at ATP synthase ..................................................................................................................... 44
7.7 connections among carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism ............................................................... 45
7.8 anaerobic respiration and fermentation .................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 9 Cell communication ....................................................................................................................... 48
9.1 general features of cell communication ..................................................................................................... 48
9.2 Cellular receptors and their activation ....................................................................................................... 49
9.3 signal transduction and the cellular response ............................................................................................ 51
9.4 hormonal signaling in multicellular organisms .......................................................................................... 53
Chapter 10 Multicellularity ............................................................................................................................. 55
10.1 extracellular matrix .................................................................................................................................. 55
10.2 cell junctions ............................................................................................................................................. 57
2
, Chapter 1 An introduction to Biology
1.1 Levels of Biology
Atoms
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of the element.
All matter is composed of atoms.
Molecules and macromolecules
Atoms bond with each other to form molecules.
Cells
The simplest unit of life is the cell. A cell is surrounded by a membrane and contains a variety
of molecules and macromolecules. Unicellular organisms are composed of one cell, whereas
multicellular organisms contain many cells.
Tissues
In multicellular organisms, many cells of the same type associate with each other to form
tissue.
Organs
An organ is composed of two or more types of tissues.
Organism
All living things can be called organisms. Organisms can be classified to different species,
which is a related group of organisms that share a distinct form and set of attributes in
nature.
Population
A group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment is called a
population.
Community
A biological community is an assemblage of populations of different species. The types of
species found in a community are determined by the environment and by the interactions of
the species with each other.
Ecosystem
Ecosystems are formed by interaction of a community of organisms with their physical
environment.
Biosphere
The biosphere includes all of the places on the earth where living organisms exist. Life is
found in the air, in bodies of water, on the land and in the soil.
1.2 Core concepts of biology
There are five core concepts of biology:
1. Evolution: The diversity of life evolved over time by processes of mutation, natural
selection, and genetic exchange;
2. Structure and function: Basic units of structure define the function of all living things;
3. Information flow, exchange, and storage: The growth and behavior of organisms are
activated through the expression of genetic information;
4. Pathway and transformations of energy and matter: Biological systems grow and
change via processes that are based on chemical transformation pathways and are
governed by the laws of thermodynamics;
3
