Fresenius RN Exam Actual Exam Preparation Newest
2025/2026 Complete 400 Questions And Correct Detailed
Answers (Verified Answers) |Brand New Version!!
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system? - ans 2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow? - ans kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, urethra
Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the bladder where it
is stored and eventually excreted from the body via the urethra.
What is a nephron? - ans Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney. They
are a tubular structure that filter blood to form urine.
What are nephrons composed of? - ans Glomerulus and Tubules
What is a glomerulus composed of? - ans Tangled cluster of capillaries surrounded
by the Bowman's capsule.
How does blood enter the kidney? - ans Through the renal artery
What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys? - ans A Wet Bed
What does A Wet Bed stand for? - ans A - acid base balance maintenance
W - water balance maintenance
E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
,What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney disease? - ans
GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease? - ans 1. 90 or greater
2. 60-89
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
5. less than 15
Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease? - ans 1. Normal kidney function but
urine or other abnormalities point to kidney disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities point to kidney
disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
What are the types of kidney failure? - ans Acute and chronic
What can cause acute renal failure? - ans Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
Characteristics of acute renal failure? - ans Sudden Onset
Severe
Usually reversible
What can cause chronic renal failure? - ans Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure? - ans Slow onset
Progressive
Permanent
Other causes of Renal Failure can include: - ans Polycystic Kidney Disease
,Interstitial Nephritis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
Classic signs of renal failure? - ans Elevated serum BUN/creatinine, phosphorus,
potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
Fluid overload
SOA
Edema
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Classic symptoms of renal failure? - ans Uremia
Lethargy
Weakness
Headache
Itching
Fatigue
Nausea
Restlessness
Mental Status changes
Loss of appetite
What is anemia? - ans Lack of Red Blood Cells RBC's
What causes anemia? - ans Decreased of lacking erythropoietin production
Shortened RBC lifespan
, Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
How is anemia treated? - ans Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA's) are
administered. ESAs stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow. Examples of
ESA's include Epogen, Aranesp, and Mircera.
Signs and symptoms of anemia? - ans Fatigue
Decreased energy levels
SOA
Decreased sense of well-being
Hgb range for ESRD patients is 10-11
Role of iron and iron medications with Anemia? - ans Iron bind with RBC's
Formulates Hgb
Allows RBC to transport oxygen
Examples include Venofer, Ferrlicit
RN administration is usually 50 mg IVP every other week.
Given IV due to absorption and constipation properties seen with oral
preparations.
Which functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - ans Removal of
waste products
Regulation of fluid balance
What are 3 modalities of treatment for ESRD? - ans Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Transplantation
Describe hemodialysis - ans Uses a vascular access to draw blood from the patient
and send to the dialyzer and into the semi permeable membrane where diffusion
removes the waste products and ultrafiltration removes the fluid.
Describe Peritoneal dialysis - ans There are 2 types: Continuous cycle peritoneal
dialysis (CCPD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Both types use a permanently placed catheter in the patients highly vascularized
peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum is the membrane surrounding the organs in the
2025/2026 Complete 400 Questions And Correct Detailed
Answers (Verified Answers) |Brand New Version!!
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system? - ans 2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow? - ans kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, urethra
Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the bladder where it
is stored and eventually excreted from the body via the urethra.
What is a nephron? - ans Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney. They
are a tubular structure that filter blood to form urine.
What are nephrons composed of? - ans Glomerulus and Tubules
What is a glomerulus composed of? - ans Tangled cluster of capillaries surrounded
by the Bowman's capsule.
How does blood enter the kidney? - ans Through the renal artery
What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys? - ans A Wet Bed
What does A Wet Bed stand for? - ans A - acid base balance maintenance
W - water balance maintenance
E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
,What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney disease? - ans
GFR describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease? - ans 1. 90 or greater
2. 60-89
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
5. less than 15
Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease? - ans 1. Normal kidney function but
urine or other abnormalities point to kidney disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities point to kidney
disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
What are the types of kidney failure? - ans Acute and chronic
What can cause acute renal failure? - ans Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
Characteristics of acute renal failure? - ans Sudden Onset
Severe
Usually reversible
What can cause chronic renal failure? - ans Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure? - ans Slow onset
Progressive
Permanent
Other causes of Renal Failure can include: - ans Polycystic Kidney Disease
,Interstitial Nephritis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
Classic signs of renal failure? - ans Elevated serum BUN/creatinine, phosphorus,
potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
Fluid overload
SOA
Edema
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Classic symptoms of renal failure? - ans Uremia
Lethargy
Weakness
Headache
Itching
Fatigue
Nausea
Restlessness
Mental Status changes
Loss of appetite
What is anemia? - ans Lack of Red Blood Cells RBC's
What causes anemia? - ans Decreased of lacking erythropoietin production
Shortened RBC lifespan
, Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
How is anemia treated? - ans Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA's) are
administered. ESAs stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow. Examples of
ESA's include Epogen, Aranesp, and Mircera.
Signs and symptoms of anemia? - ans Fatigue
Decreased energy levels
SOA
Decreased sense of well-being
Hgb range for ESRD patients is 10-11
Role of iron and iron medications with Anemia? - ans Iron bind with RBC's
Formulates Hgb
Allows RBC to transport oxygen
Examples include Venofer, Ferrlicit
RN administration is usually 50 mg IVP every other week.
Given IV due to absorption and constipation properties seen with oral
preparations.
Which functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - ans Removal of
waste products
Regulation of fluid balance
What are 3 modalities of treatment for ESRD? - ans Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Transplantation
Describe hemodialysis - ans Uses a vascular access to draw blood from the patient
and send to the dialyzer and into the semi permeable membrane where diffusion
removes the waste products and ultrafiltration removes the fluid.
Describe Peritoneal dialysis - ans There are 2 types: Continuous cycle peritoneal
dialysis (CCPD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Both types use a permanently placed catheter in the patients highly vascularized
peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum is the membrane surrounding the organs in the
