Preparation|
All Figures Included| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
, Chapter01
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
CORRECT?
CORRECTANSWER:Theselectivetheorysaysthat,whenanantigenreceptorbindswithanantigen,thecell n n n n n n
becomesactivated(orthecellisselected toproliferateandsecretemorecopiesofthereceptor).Theinstructional n
theorysaysthattheantigenreceptormoldsitselftotheantigen.Theselectivetheorywasshowntobecorrect.
n
2. Often,serendipityplaysarolein significantscientificdiscoveries.Inyourownwords,explainhow
n n n
serendipityledPasteurtodiscoveracholeravaccine.
CORRECTANSWER:Pasteurdevelopedthevaccineinchickens,whichwereinshortsupply.Hechallenged
groupsofchickenswithcholerabacteria—someofwhich werepreviouslyexposedtoanattenuatedversionof n n
cholerabacteria.Onlythepreviouslyexposedanimalswereprotectedfromanewchallenge,whichled totheuse
n n n n n
ofweakenedpathogensasvaccines.
3. Despiteitshavingbeeneradicatedonaglobalscale,smallpoxispresentlyconsidered apotential
n n n n n j
bioterrorismthreat.Why?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
unvaccinatedandthus,isstillsusceptibletothedisease.
n
4. Priorto1999,itwasclaimedthatathimerosaladditiveinvaccineswascontributingtotherisingincidence
ofautism.Iftheclaimsweretrue,whatresultanttrendmightyou expecttoobserveintherateofautismonce
n n n n
thimerosalwasremovedfromvaccines?
CORRECTANSWER: Onewouldreasonablyexpecta decreaseintherateofautism. However, casesofautism
n n
continuedtoriseafterthimerosalwasremovedfromvaccinesin2001. n
5. Given thediscoveryand developmentofeffectiveantibiotics,makeanargument forthecontinued
n n n n
useofvaccinesagainstbacterialpathogens.Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.
n
CORRECTANSWER:Antibioticsareusedfortreatmentofdisease,nottypicallyforprevention.Antibiotic
treatmentisnotfoolproof(consideringtherisingincidenceofantibioticresistance).Vaccinesarea
n n
preventativemeasure,andpreventionisthegoldstandardforinfectiousdiseasecontrolmeasures.
n n n
,6. Youhaveafriendunfamiliarwithimmunology,andheasksyouthefollowingquestion:"WhydoIneedthe n n n
flushoteveryyear,butdon'tneeda n annualchickenpox vaccine?"Asastudentofimmunology,howwouldyou
n n n n n n
explainthisdiscrepancytoyourfriend?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.
CORRECTANSWER:Thevirusthatcausesthefluchangeseveryyear-asaresult,anewfluvaccinemustben n n
prepared eachyearbasedonapredicationofthemost commonformsoftheviruslikelytobeencountered.
n n n n
Vaccinesarespecificinthetypeofpathogenagainstwhichtheyprotect,andprotectionagainstonetypedoes n
notguaranteeprotectionagainstpathogensthatareclosely-related. n
7. Provideonebenefitandonedrawbackofgeneratingrandomrecognitionreceptorsduringthe
n n n j n n
developmentofBcells.
n
CORRECTANSWER:Abenefitishavingthecapacitytorecognizeand respondtodiversepathogensasthey n
evolve.Adrawback isthatsomerecognitionreceptorscouldpotentiallyrecognizeandtarget host antigens. n n
8. Aportionofourimmunesystems'whitebloodcellsisconstantlycirculatingthroughoutthebodyvia
n n n n
circulationandlymphatics.Whatisthebenefitofsuchcirculation?
CORRECTANSWER:Thecirculationofthewhitebloodcellsallowsforamorecomprehensivesurveillanceof
thebodyforthepresenceofpotentialpathogens.Asignificantportionofthehumanbodyisconstantlyexposedto
n n n
potentialmicrobialpathogens.
9. Completethefollowingtablebycomparingandcontrastinginnateandadaptiveimmuner esponses.
n n n n n
InnateImmunity AdaptiveImmunity
Ismediatedbywhat cells? n
Whatdotheyrecognize?
Howarethereceptorsencoded?
n
Whycan'ttheycontrolallinfectionsalone?What do
n n n
theydoinresponsetoantigen?
, CORRECTANSWER:
Adaptive
InnateImmunity
Immunit
y
Macrophages,NK
Ismediatedby TcellsandB
cells,neutrophils,
whatcells? cells
mastcellseosinophils
Whatdothey Specific
Pathogenpatterns
recognize? epitope
s
Howarethe
Rearranged
receptors Germline
genesegments
encoded?
Whycan'tthey
Pathogensevolve Takestoolong
n
controlall
n
escapemechanisms todevelop
infections
alone? Produce
Engulfanddestroy,
Whatdotheydo antibodies,kill
induce inflammation
inresponseto infectedcells
nn nn
antigen?
10. Whatarethehallmarksofinflammation?Describethephysicalcharacteristicsofsomeone
experiencinganinflammatoryresponse.
n
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencinginflammation might have
localizedswellingandrednessoritchingormaybeexperiencingfaintnessduetoaloweringofbloodpressure
n n n n n
ifmoresevere.
11. Uponreceivingimmuneserumasatreatmentforavenomoussnakebite,wouldtherecipientbe
n n n n n
immunefromfuturebitesofthesamespecies?
CORRECTANSWER:Intheshort-term,probably,astheserumcontainsprotectiveantibodiesagainst the
venom. Inthelong-term, no,asserum treatment is aformofpassiveimmunity. Passiveimmunity does not
generatelong-livedmemorycells.
12. Provideonecommonfeatureofand twodifferencesbetweenB-cell receptorsand PRRs.
n n
CORRECT ANSWER: Acommonfeature is that theybothare used torecognizeforeign antigens. AB- cell
receptorismoreselectivethanaPRR.TheDNAthatencodesforaPRRinanindividualisinherited. The DNA
thatencodesforamatureB-cellreceptorfromanindividualisnotpassedontooffspring.
n n n
All Figures Included| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
, Chapter01
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
CORRECT?
CORRECTANSWER:Theselectivetheorysaysthat,whenanantigenreceptorbindswithanantigen,thecell n n n n n n
becomesactivated(orthecellisselected toproliferateandsecretemorecopiesofthereceptor).Theinstructional n
theorysaysthattheantigenreceptormoldsitselftotheantigen.Theselectivetheorywasshowntobecorrect.
n
2. Often,serendipityplaysarolein significantscientificdiscoveries.Inyourownwords,explainhow
n n n
serendipityledPasteurtodiscoveracholeravaccine.
CORRECTANSWER:Pasteurdevelopedthevaccineinchickens,whichwereinshortsupply.Hechallenged
groupsofchickenswithcholerabacteria—someofwhich werepreviouslyexposedtoanattenuatedversionof n n
cholerabacteria.Onlythepreviouslyexposedanimalswereprotectedfromanewchallenge,whichled totheuse
n n n n n
ofweakenedpathogensasvaccines.
3. Despiteitshavingbeeneradicatedonaglobalscale,smallpoxispresentlyconsidered apotential
n n n n n j
bioterrorismthreat.Why?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
unvaccinatedandthus,isstillsusceptibletothedisease.
n
4. Priorto1999,itwasclaimedthatathimerosaladditiveinvaccineswascontributingtotherisingincidence
ofautism.Iftheclaimsweretrue,whatresultanttrendmightyou expecttoobserveintherateofautismonce
n n n n
thimerosalwasremovedfromvaccines?
CORRECTANSWER: Onewouldreasonablyexpecta decreaseintherateofautism. However, casesofautism
n n
continuedtoriseafterthimerosalwasremovedfromvaccinesin2001. n
5. Given thediscoveryand developmentofeffectiveantibiotics,makeanargument forthecontinued
n n n n
useofvaccinesagainstbacterialpathogens.Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.
n
CORRECTANSWER:Antibioticsareusedfortreatmentofdisease,nottypicallyforprevention.Antibiotic
treatmentisnotfoolproof(consideringtherisingincidenceofantibioticresistance).Vaccinesarea
n n
preventativemeasure,andpreventionisthegoldstandardforinfectiousdiseasecontrolmeasures.
n n n
,6. Youhaveafriendunfamiliarwithimmunology,andheasksyouthefollowingquestion:"WhydoIneedthe n n n
flushoteveryyear,butdon'tneeda n annualchickenpox vaccine?"Asastudentofimmunology,howwouldyou
n n n n n n
explainthisdiscrepancytoyourfriend?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.
CORRECTANSWER:Thevirusthatcausesthefluchangeseveryyear-asaresult,anewfluvaccinemustben n n
prepared eachyearbasedonapredicationofthemost commonformsoftheviruslikelytobeencountered.
n n n n
Vaccinesarespecificinthetypeofpathogenagainstwhichtheyprotect,andprotectionagainstonetypedoes n
notguaranteeprotectionagainstpathogensthatareclosely-related. n
7. Provideonebenefitandonedrawbackofgeneratingrandomrecognitionreceptorsduringthe
n n n j n n
developmentofBcells.
n
CORRECTANSWER:Abenefitishavingthecapacitytorecognizeand respondtodiversepathogensasthey n
evolve.Adrawback isthatsomerecognitionreceptorscouldpotentiallyrecognizeandtarget host antigens. n n
8. Aportionofourimmunesystems'whitebloodcellsisconstantlycirculatingthroughoutthebodyvia
n n n n
circulationandlymphatics.Whatisthebenefitofsuchcirculation?
CORRECTANSWER:Thecirculationofthewhitebloodcellsallowsforamorecomprehensivesurveillanceof
thebodyforthepresenceofpotentialpathogens.Asignificantportionofthehumanbodyisconstantlyexposedto
n n n
potentialmicrobialpathogens.
9. Completethefollowingtablebycomparingandcontrastinginnateandadaptiveimmuner esponses.
n n n n n
InnateImmunity AdaptiveImmunity
Ismediatedbywhat cells? n
Whatdotheyrecognize?
Howarethereceptorsencoded?
n
Whycan'ttheycontrolallinfectionsalone?What do
n n n
theydoinresponsetoantigen?
, CORRECTANSWER:
Adaptive
InnateImmunity
Immunit
y
Macrophages,NK
Ismediatedby TcellsandB
cells,neutrophils,
whatcells? cells
mastcellseosinophils
Whatdothey Specific
Pathogenpatterns
recognize? epitope
s
Howarethe
Rearranged
receptors Germline
genesegments
encoded?
Whycan'tthey
Pathogensevolve Takestoolong
n
controlall
n
escapemechanisms todevelop
infections
alone? Produce
Engulfanddestroy,
Whatdotheydo antibodies,kill
induce inflammation
inresponseto infectedcells
nn nn
antigen?
10. Whatarethehallmarksofinflammation?Describethephysicalcharacteristicsofsomeone
experiencinganinflammatoryresponse.
n
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencinginflammation might have
localizedswellingandrednessoritchingormaybeexperiencingfaintnessduetoaloweringofbloodpressure
n n n n n
ifmoresevere.
11. Uponreceivingimmuneserumasatreatmentforavenomoussnakebite,wouldtherecipientbe
n n n n n
immunefromfuturebitesofthesamespecies?
CORRECTANSWER:Intheshort-term,probably,astheserumcontainsprotectiveantibodiesagainst the
venom. Inthelong-term, no,asserum treatment is aformofpassiveimmunity. Passiveimmunity does not
generatelong-livedmemorycells.
12. Provideonecommonfeatureofand twodifferencesbetweenB-cell receptorsand PRRs.
n n
CORRECT ANSWER: Acommonfeature is that theybothare used torecognizeforeign antigens. AB- cell
receptorismoreselectivethanaPRR.TheDNAthatencodesforaPRRinanindividualisinherited. The DNA
thatencodesforamatureB-cellreceptorfromanindividualisnotpassedontooffspring.
n n n
