Exam 1 - Biology 140 (Physiology) Certification Review Exam Questions And Answers Pass Guaranteed.

4 basic themes of physiology - correct answer 1. Homeostasis 2. Biological energy 3. Structure/function relationships 4. Communication Homeostasis - correct answer -Maintenance of a stable/constant internal environment - Set point = acceptable/desired target value around which an acceptable range is set, usually an average - Dynamic steady state - Maintained by antagonistic negative feedback mechanisms Ex. Blood glucose levels, body temperature, blood pressure, blood pH Biological energy - correct answer -Living processes require continuous input of energy -Synthesis and breakdown of molecules -Transport molecules across membranes or against gradients -Movement -Energy is the capacity to do work Structure/function relationships - correct answer -Anatomy is the study of structure, physiology is the study of function -Molecular interactions and function are determined by structure -Enzymes fit their substrates Communication - correct answer -Communication is required for functional integration -Coordination is vital to integration of systems -Utilize both chemical and electrical signals -Allows information to flow especially across cell membranes 3 Types of work - correct answer 1. Chemical(making/breaking of bonds) 2. Transport(across membranes, within cells, in/out of body) 3. Mechanical(movement; cellular and organismal levels) 2 Types of energy - correct answer 1. Potential(energy of position, stored energy) ex = chemical bonds, concentration gradients 2. Kinetic(energy of movement) ex = organelle transport, muscle contraction, movement down gradient Circulatory system - correct answer -Transport materials between cells in the body -Critical for pH balance Digestive (gastrointestinal) system - correct answer -Process food for energy, nutrient uptake, waste elimination Endocrine system - correct answer -Coordinate body function through the synthesis and release of regulatory molecules Immune system - correct answer -Defense against foreign invaders Integumentary system - correct answer -Protection from external environment Lymphatic system - correct answer -Maintenance of blood volume, immunity, fat absorption Musculoskeletal system - correct answer -Support and movement Nervous system - correct answer -Coordination of function through electrical signals and regulatory molecules Reproductive system - correct answer -Perpetuation of the species Respiratory system - correct answer -Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between internal and external environments -Critical for pH balance Urinary (renal) system - correct answer -Maintenance of internal water levels, waste removal -Critical for pH balance Covalent bonds - correct answer -Strong -Electrons shared between molecules -Most stable electron configuration -Polar, unequal electron sharing -Non-polar, equal electron sharing Ionic bonds - correct answer -Strength depends on environment -Electrons donated/accepted -Form ions -Ions of opposite charge attracted to each other Hydrogen bonds - correct answer -Weak attractive forces between H and nearby electronegative atoms Van der Waals - correct answer -Weak, nonspecific interactions between a nucleus and electrons of a nearby atom -Creates regions of slightly positive and slightly negative charge 4 Types of biomolecules - correct answer 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates - correct answer -4 Cal/g -CH2O (chemical formula) -Polar -Energy source/storage, structure, signaling (functions) -Monosaccharide (fundamental unit) Lipid - correct answer -9 Cal/g -CHO (chemical formula) -Nonpolar -Energy source/storage, cell membrane, signaling (functions) -Fatty acid (fundamental unit) Protein - correct answer -4 Cal/g -CHON (chemical formula) -Mostly polar -Structure, catalysis, membrane transport, carriers (functions) -Amino Acid (fundamental unit) Nucleic Acid - correct answer - 0 Cal/g -CHONP (chemical formula) -Polar -Information storage and energy carrier (functions) -Nucleotide (fundamental unit) 3 Principal Parts of a cell - correct answer 1. Cytosol 2. Cell membrane 3. Organelles Cytosol - correct answer -Liquid portion of the cell -Known as the intracellular fluid (ICF) -fluid around the organelles where chemical reactions take place -not the same as cytoplasm (which is all cellular contents that includes cytosol and organelles) Cell membrane (plasma membrane) - correct answer -Made up of a mixture of lipids and proteins -Physical isolation -separates the internal portions of the cell from external cellular environment cell thereby providing an element of protection -Regulation of exchange with environment; semi-permeable barrier, regulate what comes in/goes out -Support structure -Separation of charge Phospholipids - correct answer -Similar to triglycerides as they have a glycerol molecule with two fatty acids and one phosphate-containing group attached -Amphipathic in nature, they have both hydrophilic (polar, phosphate-containing head) and hydrophobic (nonpolar, fatty acid tails) ends. Cholesterol - correct answer -Steroid precursor that helps to regulate membrane fluidity and permeability Integral proteins - correct answer -Span through both phospholipid layers and pass through the polar portions as well. -They are generally amphipathic in nature as they span the entire membrane - They often form channels or transport proteins to help polar molecules pass through the membrane because they cannot pass through on their own -Structural support Lipid-anchored proteins - correct answer -Covalently bound to lipid that inserts into membrane Peripheral proteins - correct answer -Found on either side of the membrane, but they do not pass through it -Thus, they are associated with one side of the membrane or the other -They often serve as cytoskeleton elements or embedded enzymes -They are not amphipathic since they just interact with polar components of the membrane -Functions -Structural -Enzymes -Communication -Signaling -Receptors -Transporters Organelles - correct answer -Specific, specialized parts of the cell ("tiny organs") -Allow compartmentalization and division of labor -Keep reactions apart so they are separated in time and space -Divided into nonmembraneous and membraneous organelles Nonmembraneous Organelles - correct answer -Do not have a phospholipid bilayer; in direct contact with the cytosol -RNA containing nonmembranous organelles -Ribosomes -Can be found free in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum (RER). -Important in protein synthesis -Vaults -Discovered recently -Their function is unknown, but they have been associated with the nuclear membrane and thought to possibly control transport -Protein Type Nonmembranous Organelles -Proteasomes -Large protein machine that degrades other proteins -Exhibits specificity, will only degrade proteins that are specifically sent to it Cytoskeleton - correct answer -Protein structure that makes up the cell "scaffolding" -Composed of three types of protein filaments -Microfilaments -Intermediate filaments -Microtubules -Several functions A. Cell shape -Mechanical support B. Internal or