bio 182 final exam with correct answers
ecology;whatisit'spurpose?-✔✔-studyofhoworganismsinteractwiththeirenvironment
-tounderstandthedistributionandabundanceoforganisms
population-✔✔groupofindividualsofthesamespecieslivinginthesamearea,atthesametime
community-✔✔consistsofspeciesthatinteractwithoneanotherwithinaparticulararea
ecosystem-✔✔consistsofallorganismsinaparticularregion,alongwithnon-livingcomponents
abioticcomponents-✔✔air,water,andnon-livingpartsofsoil
range-✔✔geographicaldistribution;abiotic&bioticdeterminerange
biomes-✔✔majorgroupingsofplantandanimalcommunitiesdefinedbyadominantvegetationtype
climate-✔✔theprevailing,long-termweatherconditionsfoundinanarea
tropicalwetforests(rainforests)-
✔✔foundinequatorregionswheretemperaturesarehighandannualtemperatureisverylow;produceabunda
ntplantgrowth,leadtohighabove-groundbiomass
borealforest(taiga)-✔✔formsonsubarcticlands,dominatedbyhighlycold-
tolerantconifers;productivityislow,above-groundbiomassishighbecauseslow-
growingtreespeciesmaybelong-livedandbecomebig
tundra-✔✔foundthroughoutthearcticregions;lowproductivityandlowabove-
groundbiomassanditstreeless
permafrost-✔✔soilsareinapermanentlyfrozenstate;limitsboththereleaseanduptakeofnutrients
simulationstudies-✔✔arebasedoncomputermodelsofweatherpatternsinlocalregions
observationalstudies-✔✔basedonlong-termmonitoringatfixedsite
historicalstudies-✔✔examinetherelationshipb/
wCO2levels,climatechange,&thedistributionandabundanceoforganismsbasedoneventsmillionsofyearsag
o
experiments-
✔✔designedtosimulatechangedclimateconditionsandtorecordresponsesbytheorganismspresent
behavior-✔✔anactionorresponsetoastimulus
behavioralbiology-✔✔studyofhoworganismsrespondtoparticularstimulifromthoseenvironments
proximatecausation(mechanistic)-✔✔explainshowactionsoccur
, ultimatecausation(evolutionary)-✔✔explainswhyactionsoccur
fixedactionpatterns(FAP's)-✔✔highlyinflexiblestereotypicalbehaviorpatterns
innatebehaviors-
✔✔behaviorthatisinheritedandshowslittlevariationbasedonlearningortheindividualscondition
costbenefitanalysis-
✔✔animalsappeartoweighthecostsandbenefitsofrespondingtoaparticularsituationinvariousways
foraging-✔✔whenanimalsseekfood
piloting-✔✔useoffamiliarlandmarks
compassorientation-✔✔movementorientedinaspecificdirection
truenavigation-✔✔abilitytolocateaspecificplaceonearth'ssurface
circadianclock-✔✔maintainsa24-hourrhythmofchemicalactivity-animalsusesunfordirection
communication-✔✔processinwhichasignalfromoneindividualmodifiesthebehaviorofanotherindividual
altruism-
✔✔behaviorthathasafitnesscosttotheindividualexhibitingitandafitnessbenefittotherecipient,appearstoc
ontradictthispattern(queenbeesgivingthemselvesupforthequeentoreproduce)
hamilton'srule-
✔✔canbeexpressedasBr>C,whereBisthefitnessbenefittothebeneficiary,risthecoefficientofrelatedness,an
dcisthefitnesscosttotheactor
inclusivefitness-✔✔thecombinationofdirectandindirectfitnesscomponents
kinselection-✔✔naturalselectionthatactsthroughbenefitstorelativesandresultsinincreasedindirectfitness
eusoiaity-✔✔sometimesaltruisticbehaviorisinvoluntary;inbeepopulation,workerssacrificemost/
alloftheirdirectreproductiontohelprearthequeen'soffspring
reciprocalaltruism-
✔✔anexchangeoffitnessbenefitsthatareseparatedintime;vervetmonkeysgroomunrelatedindividualsthat
havegroomedorhelpedtheminthepast
populationecology-✔✔thestudyofhowandwhythenumberindividualsinapopulationchangesovertime
populationdensity-✔✔numberofindividualsperunitarea-oftenvariest/oitsrange
metapopulation-✔✔populationofpopulationsconnectedbymigration
immigration-✔✔occurswhenindividualsenterapopulationbymovingfromanotherpopulation
emigration-✔✔occurswhenindividualsleaveapopulationtojoinanotherpopulation
lifetable-
✔✔summarizestheprobabilitythatanindividualwillsurviveandreproduceinanygiventimeintervalovertheco
urseofitslifetime
ecology;whatisit'spurpose?-✔✔-studyofhoworganismsinteractwiththeirenvironment
-tounderstandthedistributionandabundanceoforganisms
population-✔✔groupofindividualsofthesamespecieslivinginthesamearea,atthesametime
community-✔✔consistsofspeciesthatinteractwithoneanotherwithinaparticulararea
ecosystem-✔✔consistsofallorganismsinaparticularregion,alongwithnon-livingcomponents
abioticcomponents-✔✔air,water,andnon-livingpartsofsoil
range-✔✔geographicaldistribution;abiotic&bioticdeterminerange
biomes-✔✔majorgroupingsofplantandanimalcommunitiesdefinedbyadominantvegetationtype
climate-✔✔theprevailing,long-termweatherconditionsfoundinanarea
tropicalwetforests(rainforests)-
✔✔foundinequatorregionswheretemperaturesarehighandannualtemperatureisverylow;produceabunda
ntplantgrowth,leadtohighabove-groundbiomass
borealforest(taiga)-✔✔formsonsubarcticlands,dominatedbyhighlycold-
tolerantconifers;productivityislow,above-groundbiomassishighbecauseslow-
growingtreespeciesmaybelong-livedandbecomebig
tundra-✔✔foundthroughoutthearcticregions;lowproductivityandlowabove-
groundbiomassanditstreeless
permafrost-✔✔soilsareinapermanentlyfrozenstate;limitsboththereleaseanduptakeofnutrients
simulationstudies-✔✔arebasedoncomputermodelsofweatherpatternsinlocalregions
observationalstudies-✔✔basedonlong-termmonitoringatfixedsite
historicalstudies-✔✔examinetherelationshipb/
wCO2levels,climatechange,&thedistributionandabundanceoforganismsbasedoneventsmillionsofyearsag
o
experiments-
✔✔designedtosimulatechangedclimateconditionsandtorecordresponsesbytheorganismspresent
behavior-✔✔anactionorresponsetoastimulus
behavioralbiology-✔✔studyofhoworganismsrespondtoparticularstimulifromthoseenvironments
proximatecausation(mechanistic)-✔✔explainshowactionsoccur
, ultimatecausation(evolutionary)-✔✔explainswhyactionsoccur
fixedactionpatterns(FAP's)-✔✔highlyinflexiblestereotypicalbehaviorpatterns
innatebehaviors-
✔✔behaviorthatisinheritedandshowslittlevariationbasedonlearningortheindividualscondition
costbenefitanalysis-
✔✔animalsappeartoweighthecostsandbenefitsofrespondingtoaparticularsituationinvariousways
foraging-✔✔whenanimalsseekfood
piloting-✔✔useoffamiliarlandmarks
compassorientation-✔✔movementorientedinaspecificdirection
truenavigation-✔✔abilitytolocateaspecificplaceonearth'ssurface
circadianclock-✔✔maintainsa24-hourrhythmofchemicalactivity-animalsusesunfordirection
communication-✔✔processinwhichasignalfromoneindividualmodifiesthebehaviorofanotherindividual
altruism-
✔✔behaviorthathasafitnesscosttotheindividualexhibitingitandafitnessbenefittotherecipient,appearstoc
ontradictthispattern(queenbeesgivingthemselvesupforthequeentoreproduce)
hamilton'srule-
✔✔canbeexpressedasBr>C,whereBisthefitnessbenefittothebeneficiary,risthecoefficientofrelatedness,an
dcisthefitnesscosttotheactor
inclusivefitness-✔✔thecombinationofdirectandindirectfitnesscomponents
kinselection-✔✔naturalselectionthatactsthroughbenefitstorelativesandresultsinincreasedindirectfitness
eusoiaity-✔✔sometimesaltruisticbehaviorisinvoluntary;inbeepopulation,workerssacrificemost/
alloftheirdirectreproductiontohelprearthequeen'soffspring
reciprocalaltruism-
✔✔anexchangeoffitnessbenefitsthatareseparatedintime;vervetmonkeysgroomunrelatedindividualsthat
havegroomedorhelpedtheminthepast
populationecology-✔✔thestudyofhowandwhythenumberindividualsinapopulationchangesovertime
populationdensity-✔✔numberofindividualsperunitarea-oftenvariest/oitsrange
metapopulation-✔✔populationofpopulationsconnectedbymigration
immigration-✔✔occurswhenindividualsenterapopulationbymovingfromanotherpopulation
emigration-✔✔occurswhenindividualsleaveapopulationtojoinanotherpopulation
lifetable-
✔✔summarizestheprobabilitythatanindividualwillsurviveandreproduceinanygiventimeintervalovertheco
urseofitslifetime
