,📘 HESI A2 Biology Study Guide (Part 1)
Table of Content:
1. Anatomy & Physiology
Overview of Human Body Systems
Cell Structure and Function
Major Organs and Their Functions
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
2. Biology
At
Cell Structure & Function
DNA and RNA Basics
ee
Mitosis and Meiosis
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Genetics Fundamentals
qa
3. Chemistry
Kh
Atomic Structure
Periodic Table Basics
ad
Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Acids, Bases, and pH
am
Basic Stoichiometry
4. Mathematics
Basic Arithmetic & Fractions
Decimals and Percentages
Ratios and Proportions
Algebra Fundamentals
Conversions and Measurements
5. Grammar
Parts of Speech
Sentence Structure
Common Grammar Rules
Punctuation
Common Errors to Avoid
6. Vocabulary
, Common Academic Vocabulary
Medical Terminology Basics
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots
Synonyms and Antonyms
Context Clues
7. Reading Comprehension
Types of Passages
Main Idea and Supporting Details
Inference and Conclusion
Vocabulary in Context
Strategies for Answering Questions
At
ee
qa
Kh
ad
am
, 1. Anatomy & Physiology
1. Overview of Human Body Systems
Integumentary System
Components: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Functions:
o Protection against pathogens, physical damage, and dehydration
o Temperature regulation through sweat and blood flow
o Sensation via nerve endings
o Vitamin D synthesis with sun exposure
o Excretion of small amounts of waste through sweat
Skeletal System
At
Components: 206 bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments
Functions:
ee
o Structural support and shape for the body
o Protection of vital organs (skull, ribcage, etc.)
qa
o Movement in conjunction with muscles
o Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) in red bone marrow
o Mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus)
Kh
Muscular System
ad
Components: Over 600 skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Types:
am
o Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones
o Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, striated, only in heart
o Smooth muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, in organs and vessels
Functions:
o Body movement through contraction and relaxation
o Posture maintenance
o Heat production through muscle activity
o Movement of substances through organs (peristalsis)
Nervous System
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Divisions:
o Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
o Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial and spinal nerves
o Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Functions:
o Information processing and control center
o Sensory perception
Table of Content:
1. Anatomy & Physiology
Overview of Human Body Systems
Cell Structure and Function
Major Organs and Their Functions
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
2. Biology
At
Cell Structure & Function
DNA and RNA Basics
ee
Mitosis and Meiosis
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Genetics Fundamentals
qa
3. Chemistry
Kh
Atomic Structure
Periodic Table Basics
ad
Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Acids, Bases, and pH
am
Basic Stoichiometry
4. Mathematics
Basic Arithmetic & Fractions
Decimals and Percentages
Ratios and Proportions
Algebra Fundamentals
Conversions and Measurements
5. Grammar
Parts of Speech
Sentence Structure
Common Grammar Rules
Punctuation
Common Errors to Avoid
6. Vocabulary
, Common Academic Vocabulary
Medical Terminology Basics
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots
Synonyms and Antonyms
Context Clues
7. Reading Comprehension
Types of Passages
Main Idea and Supporting Details
Inference and Conclusion
Vocabulary in Context
Strategies for Answering Questions
At
ee
qa
Kh
ad
am
, 1. Anatomy & Physiology
1. Overview of Human Body Systems
Integumentary System
Components: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Functions:
o Protection against pathogens, physical damage, and dehydration
o Temperature regulation through sweat and blood flow
o Sensation via nerve endings
o Vitamin D synthesis with sun exposure
o Excretion of small amounts of waste through sweat
Skeletal System
At
Components: 206 bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments
Functions:
ee
o Structural support and shape for the body
o Protection of vital organs (skull, ribcage, etc.)
qa
o Movement in conjunction with muscles
o Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) in red bone marrow
o Mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus)
Kh
Muscular System
ad
Components: Over 600 skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Types:
am
o Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones
o Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, striated, only in heart
o Smooth muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, in organs and vessels
Functions:
o Body movement through contraction and relaxation
o Posture maintenance
o Heat production through muscle activity
o Movement of substances through organs (peristalsis)
Nervous System
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Divisions:
o Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
o Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial and spinal nerves
o Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Functions:
o Information processing and control center
o Sensory perception
