PATHO 370 MIDTERM EXAM
I I I
• QuestionmI1
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Gas m Imexchangem Imoccurs m Im inm Im whichm Imofm Imthem Im respiratorym Im system's m Im structures?
Selected
Answer: Trache
Ia
Correct
Answer: Alveoli
Response ThemIalveo li mIallo wmIairI to mIcome IinmIindirectmIcontactmIwithI themI
IFeedback bloodstream mI throughmI themIpulmonarymImcapillarymImsystem .m
: This mIalveo larmIm em brane,mI whichmIis mIone mIcellmI thick,mIallo ws mI
carbonmIdioxidemI to mI diffusemIinto mIthemIalveo li mI from mI themI blood
stream mIandmIo xygenmI to mI diffusemI to mIthemI bloodstream mIfrom m It
hemIalveoli.mISinusesmIaremIhollowmIspaces mIfoundmIinmIthem Iskull.mITh
emItrachea mIis mIa mIstructuremI thatmIallo ws mI passagemIofmIgases mI to mI
andmIfrom mI themI gas mI exchangemI units mI(alveoli).
Bronchi mIaremI branches mIo fmI themI conductingmI airways mI thatmIall
owmImpassagemImofmImgasesmImtomImandmImfromm ImthemImgasmImexchangemIu
nits mI(alveoli).
• m QuestionmI2
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
A mIpatientmI withmIheartmI failure mIreports mIawakeningmIintermittentlymI withmI
shortness m Iofm Ibreath.m IWhichm Iterms mIappropriatelym Idescribes m Ithis m Iclinical
m Imanifestation?
Selected
Answer: Dyspnea
Correct
Answer: Paroxysmal
Inocturnal
Response ParoxysmalmI nocturnal mI dyspnea mI refers mI to mIintermittentmI atta
IFeedback cks mIofmIseveremI dyspnea mIthat mIoccurmI duringmIthemI night.mIDyspne
: a mIis mIa mIgeneralmItermmIreferringmItomIdifficultymIbreathing.m ICyanosi
s mIis mIthemIappearance mIo fmIa mI blue mIormIpurpleIco loration
IofmIthe mIskin mIormImucous mImembranes mIdue mIto mIthe
, tissues mInearmI themI skinmIsurfacemI beingmI lo wmIonmIo xygen.mI Bradypnea I desc
ribes IabnormalIslo wness IofI breathing.
• m QuestionmI3
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Whatm Imfactorm Imcauses m Ima m Imcongenitalm ImheartmImdiseasem Imto m Improducem Im cyanosis?
Selected
Answer: Left-to-
rightmIshuntingmIofmblood
Correct
Answer: Right-to-
leftmIshuntingmIofmblood
Response Disorders mIthat mIresultmIinmI right-to-
IFeedback leftmIshuntingmI causemIcyanosis.mIA mI left-to-
: rightmIshunt mIoccurs mI whenmIo xygenatedmI bloodmI from mI themIleftmIs
idemIofmIthemIheart mIormIaorta mI flo ws mIbackmIinto mIthemIrightmIsidemIto mIb
emIrecirculatedmIthroughmIthemIlungs.mIThem IbloodmIreachingmIthemIm Isy
stemicmIm IcirculationmIm Iis mIoxygenatedmIandm IthemIinfantmIis mInotmIcya
noticmI(acyano tic mIdefect).mIHowever, mIthemI rightmIsidemIo fmI themI h
eartmIhas mIanmIincreasedmI wo rkload mI because
IofmIthe mIextra mIshuntmIblood. mIIn mItime,mIthe mIoverload mIofmIthe mIrightm Is
idemIofmIthemIheartmIcanmIresultIinm ImrightmIventricularmIhypertrophym Ia
ndmIhighmImright-
sidedmIheartI pressures.mI LargemI ventricularmIseptalmIdefects mImay
mIbe mIapparentmIatmIbirth mIbecause mIofmIrapidly m IdevelopingmIright-
mIsidedmIheartmI failure mIandmIa mI loudmIsysto lic mI m urm ur.mI The mImajo
ritymIofmIatrialmIseptalmIdefects mIoccur mIatmIthemI locationmIo fmI themI fo
ramenmIovale.mI ThemIabnormalmImseptal
IopeningmImaymIbe mIofmIvariable mIsize. mISmallmIdefects mI(1mIcm)mIare m Iw
ellmItolerated.
EvenmI largermIatrialmIseptalmI defects mI maymIbemIasym ptomati
cmI formImanymI years mIas mI longmIas mI themIshuntmI flowmIis mI left mIto mIri
ghtmIandmIthereforemIacyano tic.
• m QuestionmI4
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
A mIpatientmI educationmIintervention mI that mIwillmIhelpmI decreasemI themIemerg
encem IofmIresistantmIinfections m Iis mIto mIinstructm IthemIpatientmIto
Selected
Answer:
TakeIallItheIantibiotics IorderedmIevenIifI feelingmIwellIafte
rIa mIfewmIdays mI to mIpreventmI antibioticmI defiantmI bacteria
,Correct
Answer:
TakeIallItheIantibiotics IorderedmIevenIifI feelingmIwellIafte
rIa mIfewmIdays mI to mIpreventmI antibioticmI defiantmI bacteria
Response ThemIpatientmIshould mItakemIallmIthemIantibiotics mIordered, mIevenmIi
IFeedback fmIfeelingmI better,mI to mIeradicatemI themI moderatelymI resistantmI
: microorganisms.mI Viruses mImIaremIno tmImIim pactedmI bymI antibact
erialmImedications.mI Sharing mIantibio tics mIindicates mI thatmI themI
fullmIcoursemIo fmI themIm edicationmIisn’tmI beingmI taken,mIandmIso mIc
ontributingmIto mI the mI developm entmIo fmI resistant mImicroorgani
sms.mIIfmIm edication mIis mIsto ppedmIprematurely,mI moderatelymI
resistantmIorganisms mIaremIselectedmI formIandmIbecomemIthemIpre
dominantmIspecies,mImakingm IitmImoremIdifficultm Ito mIeradicatemIn
extmItime.
• m QuestionmI5
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
CellularmIhypoxia mIresults mIin
Selected
Answer: FailuremIofmIthemIsodium-potassium
pump
Correct
Answer: FailuremIofmIthemIsodium-potassium
pump
Response Hypoxia mIis mIa mIloss mIofmIo xygenmI to mI the mIcellmI that mIcauses mI ATPmIa
IFeedback ctivitymIto mIcease.mIATPmIprovides mIthemIpowermIrequiredmIto mIdrivem It
: hemIsodium-
potassium mIpump.mI pH I decreases mIinmIhypo xia mI (respiratoryIaci
dosis).IHypoxia Iis Ia I loss IofIo xygenI to mI themI cellmI thatmIcauses mIATP
mIactivity mIto mIcease. mI Deposits mIo fmIcalcium mIsalts mIoccurmIin mI condi
tions mIofmIalteredmI calcium mIintake,mI excretion,mIorIm etabo lism
.
• m QuestionmI6
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Whatm Imis m Imthem Imunderlyingm Improblem m Imcommonm Imamongm Imallm Imtypes mIm ofmImshock?
Selected
Answer: GeneralizedmImvasodilation
Correct
Answer: Inadequate mIcellular
, oxygenation
Response AlthoughmIeachmI typemIo fmIshockmI has mIspecificmI characteristics
IFeedback ,mIallmIaremIasso ciatedmI withmIa mI deficiency mIo fmIcellularmIo xygenmI
: consumption.m ImInadequatem Imcellularm Imoxygenationm ImmaymImresul
tm Ifrom mIdecreasedmI cardiacmIoutput,mImaldistribution mIo fmIbloo
dmIflow,mIormI reducedmI bloodmIo xygen mI content.mI ThemIimpairedmI
oxygenmIutilizationmIbymI cells mI maymI leadmIto mI cellmI death,mIorganm
Idysfunction, mIandmIstimulation mIo fmIinflam matory mI reactions.
CardiacmIfailuremIcanmIbemIanmIoutcome,mIbutmIismInotmIamIcommonm Ica
usemIinmIallmI types mIo fmIsho ck.mI VasodilationmIoccurs mIinmIonlymIsel
ectivemIforms mIo fmIshock.mI Faulty mIcom pensatorymIm echanisms
mImaymIcontribute mI to mI the mImseriousness mIo fmI allmIshocks mI butmI th
atmIis mInotmIthemI cause mIo fmIallmI form s mIo fmIshock.
• m QuestionmI7
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
WhatIis ItheInameI forI theI m RNA Isequences I thatIcontainIonlyItheI wantedm
m Isegments?
Selected
Answer: Pre-
ImRNA
Correct
Answer: Exon
Response AnmIexonmIis mIthemIm R NA mIsequencemI thatmI contains mIonlymI themI
IFeedback wantedmIsegments.mI Introns mIaremI the mIunwanted mIareas mI that
: mIare mIremoved mIin mI the mI nucleus mI bymIa mI com plex mIsplicingmI pr
ocess,Ithus IleavingI exons.IPre-
mRNA Iis ItheIoriginalI RNA m I transcript mIbeforemIremovalmIo fmIba
ses mIthatmIaremIunnecessary.mISpliceosomes mIaremI themIareas mIo
fmIthemInucleus mI that mIaremIa mIspecializedI RNA IproteinIcom ple
xIthatIremoves Iintrons.
• m QuestionmI8
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Thrombosis mIinmIthemImicrocirculation mIthroughoutmIthemIbodymIis mIcalled
Selected
Answer: DisseminatedIintravascular
coagulationm Im (DIC)
I I I
• QuestionmI1
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Gas m Imexchangem Imoccurs m Im inm Im whichm Imofm Imthem Im respiratorym Im system's m Im structures?
Selected
Answer: Trache
Ia
Correct
Answer: Alveoli
Response ThemIalveo li mIallo wmIairI to mIcome IinmIindirectmIcontactmIwithI themI
IFeedback bloodstream mI throughmI themIpulmonarymImcapillarymImsystem .m
: This mIalveo larmIm em brane,mI whichmIis mIone mIcellmI thick,mIallo ws mI
carbonmIdioxidemI to mI diffusemIinto mIthemIalveo li mI from mI themI blood
stream mIandmIo xygenmI to mI diffusemI to mIthemI bloodstream mIfrom m It
hemIalveoli.mISinusesmIaremIhollowmIspaces mIfoundmIinmIthem Iskull.mITh
emItrachea mIis mIa mIstructuremI thatmIallo ws mI passagemIofmIgases mI to mI
andmIfrom mI themI gas mI exchangemI units mI(alveoli).
Bronchi mIaremI branches mIo fmI themI conductingmI airways mI thatmIall
owmImpassagemImofmImgasesmImtomImandmImfromm ImthemImgasmImexchangemIu
nits mI(alveoli).
• m QuestionmI2
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
A mIpatientmI withmIheartmI failure mIreports mIawakeningmIintermittentlymI withmI
shortness m Iofm Ibreath.m IWhichm Iterms mIappropriatelym Idescribes m Ithis m Iclinical
m Imanifestation?
Selected
Answer: Dyspnea
Correct
Answer: Paroxysmal
Inocturnal
Response ParoxysmalmI nocturnal mI dyspnea mI refers mI to mIintermittentmI atta
IFeedback cks mIofmIseveremI dyspnea mIthat mIoccurmI duringmIthemI night.mIDyspne
: a mIis mIa mIgeneralmItermmIreferringmItomIdifficultymIbreathing.m ICyanosi
s mIis mIthemIappearance mIo fmIa mI blue mIormIpurpleIco loration
IofmIthe mIskin mIormImucous mImembranes mIdue mIto mIthe
, tissues mInearmI themI skinmIsurfacemI beingmI lo wmIonmIo xygen.mI Bradypnea I desc
ribes IabnormalIslo wness IofI breathing.
• m QuestionmI3
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Whatm Imfactorm Imcauses m Ima m Imcongenitalm ImheartmImdiseasem Imto m Improducem Im cyanosis?
Selected
Answer: Left-to-
rightmIshuntingmIofmblood
Correct
Answer: Right-to-
leftmIshuntingmIofmblood
Response Disorders mIthat mIresultmIinmI right-to-
IFeedback leftmIshuntingmI causemIcyanosis.mIA mI left-to-
: rightmIshunt mIoccurs mI whenmIo xygenatedmI bloodmI from mI themIleftmIs
idemIofmIthemIheart mIormIaorta mI flo ws mIbackmIinto mIthemIrightmIsidemIto mIb
emIrecirculatedmIthroughmIthemIlungs.mIThem IbloodmIreachingmIthemIm Isy
stemicmIm IcirculationmIm Iis mIoxygenatedmIandm IthemIinfantmIis mInotmIcya
noticmI(acyano tic mIdefect).mIHowever, mIthemI rightmIsidemIo fmI themI h
eartmIhas mIanmIincreasedmI wo rkload mI because
IofmIthe mIextra mIshuntmIblood. mIIn mItime,mIthe mIoverload mIofmIthe mIrightm Is
idemIofmIthemIheartmIcanmIresultIinm ImrightmIventricularmIhypertrophym Ia
ndmIhighmImright-
sidedmIheartI pressures.mI LargemI ventricularmIseptalmIdefects mImay
mIbe mIapparentmIatmIbirth mIbecause mIofmIrapidly m IdevelopingmIright-
mIsidedmIheartmI failure mIandmIa mI loudmIsysto lic mI m urm ur.mI The mImajo
ritymIofmIatrialmIseptalmIdefects mIoccur mIatmIthemI locationmIo fmI themI fo
ramenmIovale.mI ThemIabnormalmImseptal
IopeningmImaymIbe mIofmIvariable mIsize. mISmallmIdefects mI(1mIcm)mIare m Iw
ellmItolerated.
EvenmI largermIatrialmIseptalmI defects mI maymIbemIasym ptomati
cmI formImanymI years mIas mI longmIas mI themIshuntmI flowmIis mI left mIto mIri
ghtmIandmIthereforemIacyano tic.
• m QuestionmI4
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
A mIpatientmI educationmIintervention mI that mIwillmIhelpmI decreasemI themIemerg
encem IofmIresistantmIinfections m Iis mIto mIinstructm IthemIpatientmIto
Selected
Answer:
TakeIallItheIantibiotics IorderedmIevenIifI feelingmIwellIafte
rIa mIfewmIdays mI to mIpreventmI antibioticmI defiantmI bacteria
,Correct
Answer:
TakeIallItheIantibiotics IorderedmIevenIifI feelingmIwellIafte
rIa mIfewmIdays mI to mIpreventmI antibioticmI defiantmI bacteria
Response ThemIpatientmIshould mItakemIallmIthemIantibiotics mIordered, mIevenmIi
IFeedback fmIfeelingmI better,mI to mIeradicatemI themI moderatelymI resistantmI
: microorganisms.mI Viruses mImIaremIno tmImIim pactedmI bymI antibact
erialmImedications.mI Sharing mIantibio tics mIindicates mI thatmI themI
fullmIcoursemIo fmI themIm edicationmIisn’tmI beingmI taken,mIandmIso mIc
ontributingmIto mI the mI developm entmIo fmI resistant mImicroorgani
sms.mIIfmIm edication mIis mIsto ppedmIprematurely,mI moderatelymI
resistantmIorganisms mIaremIselectedmI formIandmIbecomemIthemIpre
dominantmIspecies,mImakingm IitmImoremIdifficultm Ito mIeradicatemIn
extmItime.
• m QuestionmI5
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
CellularmIhypoxia mIresults mIin
Selected
Answer: FailuremIofmIthemIsodium-potassium
pump
Correct
Answer: FailuremIofmIthemIsodium-potassium
pump
Response Hypoxia mIis mIa mIloss mIofmIo xygenmI to mI the mIcellmI that mIcauses mI ATPmIa
IFeedback ctivitymIto mIcease.mIATPmIprovides mIthemIpowermIrequiredmIto mIdrivem It
: hemIsodium-
potassium mIpump.mI pH I decreases mIinmIhypo xia mI (respiratoryIaci
dosis).IHypoxia Iis Ia I loss IofIo xygenI to mI themI cellmI thatmIcauses mIATP
mIactivity mIto mIcease. mI Deposits mIo fmIcalcium mIsalts mIoccurmIin mI condi
tions mIofmIalteredmI calcium mIintake,mI excretion,mIorIm etabo lism
.
• m QuestionmI6
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Whatm Imis m Imthem Imunderlyingm Improblem m Imcommonm Imamongm Imallm Imtypes mIm ofmImshock?
Selected
Answer: GeneralizedmImvasodilation
Correct
Answer: Inadequate mIcellular
, oxygenation
Response AlthoughmIeachmI typemIo fmIshockmI has mIspecificmI characteristics
IFeedback ,mIallmIaremIasso ciatedmI withmIa mI deficiency mIo fmIcellularmIo xygenmI
: consumption.m ImInadequatem Imcellularm Imoxygenationm ImmaymImresul
tm Ifrom mIdecreasedmI cardiacmIoutput,mImaldistribution mIo fmIbloo
dmIflow,mIormI reducedmI bloodmIo xygen mI content.mI ThemIimpairedmI
oxygenmIutilizationmIbymI cells mI maymI leadmIto mI cellmI death,mIorganm
Idysfunction, mIandmIstimulation mIo fmIinflam matory mI reactions.
CardiacmIfailuremIcanmIbemIanmIoutcome,mIbutmIismInotmIamIcommonm Ica
usemIinmIallmI types mIo fmIsho ck.mI VasodilationmIoccurs mIinmIonlymIsel
ectivemIforms mIo fmIshock.mI Faulty mIcom pensatorymIm echanisms
mImaymIcontribute mI to mI the mImseriousness mIo fmI allmIshocks mI butmI th
atmIis mInotmIthemI cause mIo fmIallmI form s mIo fmIshock.
• m QuestionmI7
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
WhatIis ItheInameI forI theI m RNA Isequences I thatIcontainIonlyItheI wantedm
m Isegments?
Selected
Answer: Pre-
ImRNA
Correct
Answer: Exon
Response AnmIexonmIis mIthemIm R NA mIsequencemI thatmI contains mIonlymI themI
IFeedback wantedmIsegments.mI Introns mIaremI the mIunwanted mIareas mI that
: mIare mIremoved mIin mI the mI nucleus mI bymIa mI com plex mIsplicingmI pr
ocess,Ithus IleavingI exons.IPre-
mRNA Iis ItheIoriginalI RNA m I transcript mIbeforemIremovalmIo fmIba
ses mIthatmIaremIunnecessary.mISpliceosomes mIaremI themIareas mIo
fmIthemInucleus mI that mIaremIa mIspecializedI RNA IproteinIcom ple
xIthatIremoves Iintrons.
• m QuestionmI8
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Thrombosis mIinmIthemImicrocirculation mIthroughoutmIthemIbodymIis mIcalled
Selected
Answer: DisseminatedIintravascular
coagulationm Im (DIC)
