,2
,AcquisitionsmEditor:mChristinamC.mBurnsmProd
uctmDirector:mJennifermK.mForestierimDevelop
mentmEditor:mMeredithmL.mBrittainmProduction
mProduct mManager: mMarianmBellusmDesignmCo
ordinator: mJoan mWendt
Illustration mCoordinator: mJennifermClementsm
Manufacturing mCoordinator: mKarinmDuffield
mPrepress mVendor: mAbsolute mService,mInc.
9th medition
Copyrightm2018 m©mWoltersmKluwer
Fifth mEdition m©m2011 mbymLIPPINCOTTmWILLIAMSm&mWILKINS,mamWOLTERS
KLUWERmbusiness
Fourth mEdition m©m2006 mby mLIPPINCOTTmWILLIAMSm&mWILKINSm
Third mEdition m©m2001 mby mLIPPINCOTTmWILLIAMSm&mWILKINS
Allmrightsmreserved.mThismbook mismprotectedmbymcopyright.mNompartmofmthismbookmmaymbemre
producedmormtransmittedminmany mformmormbymany mmeans,mincludingmasmphotocopies mormscan
ned-
inm orm otherm electronicm copies,m orm utilized m bym anym information m storage m and mretrievalmsyst
emmwithoutmwrittenmpermissionmfrommthemcopyrightmowner,mexceptmformbriefmquotationsmem
bodiedminmcriticalmarticlesmand mreviews.mMaterialsmappearingminmthismbookmpreparedmbymindi
vidualsmasmpartmofmtheirmofficialmdutiesmasmU.S.mgovernmentmemployeesmaremnotmcovered mby
mthe mabove-
mentionedmcopyright.mTo mrequestmpermission,mpleasemcontactmWoltersm Kluwerm atm Twom Co
mmercem Square,m 2001m Marketm Street,m Philadelphia,m PAm19103,m viam emailm atm permission
,m orm via m ourm website m atm lww.comm (products mand mservices).
9m m 8m m 7m m 6m m 5m m 4m m 3m m 2m m 1
Library mofmCongress mCataloging-in-PublicationmData
Names:mPolit,mDenise mF.,mauthor.m|mBeck,mCherylmTatano,mauthor.
Title:mEssentialsmofmnursingmresearchm:mappraisingmevidence mformnursingmpractice m/mDenise
F.mPolit,mCherylmTatano mBeck.
Description:mNinth medition.m|mPhiladelphiam:mWoltersmKluwermHealth,m[2018]m|mIncludesmbib
liographical mreferences mand mindex.
Identifiers: mLCCNm2016043994 m|mISBNm9781496351296
Subjects:m|mMESH:mNursingmResearch m|mEvidence-Based mNursing
Classification: mLCCmRT81.5 m|mNLMmWYm20.5 m|mDDCm610.73072—
dc23 mLCmrecord mavailable matmhttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016043994
Thismwork mismprovided m“asmis,” mand mthe mpublisher mdisclaims many mand mallmwarranties,
3
, expressmormimplied,mincludingmany mwarrantiesmasmto maccuracy,mcomprehensiveness,mormcurr
ency mofmthe mcontentmofmthismwork.
Thismwork mismnomsubstitutemformindividualmpatientmassessmentmbased muponmhealthcarempro
fessionals’mexaminationmofmeach mpatientmand mconsideration mof,mamongmothermthings,mage,
mweight,mgender,mcurrent mor mprior mmedical mconditions,mmedication mhistory,mlaboratorymda
ta,mand mothermfactorsmuniquemtomthempatient.mThempublishermdoesmnotmprovidemmedicalmad
vice mormguidance,mand mthismworkmismmerelymamreferencemtool.mHealthcare mprofessionals,ma
ndmnotmthempublisher,maremsolely mresponsible mformthemusemofmthismworkmincludingmallmmedi
calmjudgments mand mformany mresultingmdiagnosis mand mtreatments.
Given mcontinuous,mrapid madvancesminmmedicalmsciencemand mhealth minformation,m indepen
dentmprofessionalmverificationmofmmedicalmdiagnoses,mindications,mappropriatempharmaceu
ticalmselections mandmdosages,mandmtreatmentmoptionsmshouldmbemmademandmhealthcare mprof
essionalsmshouldmconsultmamvarietymofmsources.mWhenmprescribingmmedication,m healthcare
m professionalsm are m advisedm tom consultm them product m informationmsheetm(the mmanufacturer
’smpackage minsert)maccompanyingmeach mdrugmto mverify,mamongm othermthings,mconditions m
ofmuse,mwarningsmandmsidemeffectsmandmidentifymanymchangesminmdosage mschedulemormcontr
aindications,mparticularly mifmthemmedicationmtombemadministeredmismnew,minfrequentlymused
mor mhas ma mnarrowmtherapeutic mrange.mTo mthemmaximummextentmpermittedmundermapplicable
mlaw,mno mresponsibilitymis massumedmbymthe mpublisher mformany minjury mand/or mdamage mtomper
sonsmormproperty,masmammattermofmproductsmliability,mnegligencemlawmormotherwise,mormfrom
many mreference mto mor muse mby many mperson mof mthis mwork.
LWW.com
4
,AcquisitionsmEditor:mChristinamC.mBurnsmProd
uctmDirector:mJennifermK.mForestierimDevelop
mentmEditor:mMeredithmL.mBrittainmProduction
mProduct mManager: mMarianmBellusmDesignmCo
ordinator: mJoan mWendt
Illustration mCoordinator: mJennifermClementsm
Manufacturing mCoordinator: mKarinmDuffield
mPrepress mVendor: mAbsolute mService,mInc.
9th medition
Copyrightm2018 m©mWoltersmKluwer
Fifth mEdition m©m2011 mbymLIPPINCOTTmWILLIAMSm&mWILKINS,mamWOLTERS
KLUWERmbusiness
Fourth mEdition m©m2006 mby mLIPPINCOTTmWILLIAMSm&mWILKINSm
Third mEdition m©m2001 mby mLIPPINCOTTmWILLIAMSm&mWILKINS
Allmrightsmreserved.mThismbook mismprotectedmbymcopyright.mNompartmofmthismbookmmaymbemre
producedmormtransmittedminmany mformmormbymany mmeans,mincludingmasmphotocopies mormscan
ned-
inm orm otherm electronicm copies,m orm utilized m bym anym information m storage m and mretrievalmsyst
emmwithoutmwrittenmpermissionmfrommthemcopyrightmowner,mexceptmformbriefmquotationsmem
bodiedminmcriticalmarticlesmand mreviews.mMaterialsmappearingminmthismbookmpreparedmbymindi
vidualsmasmpartmofmtheirmofficialmdutiesmasmU.S.mgovernmentmemployeesmaremnotmcovered mby
mthe mabove-
mentionedmcopyright.mTo mrequestmpermission,mpleasemcontactmWoltersm Kluwerm atm Twom Co
mmercem Square,m 2001m Marketm Street,m Philadelphia,m PAm19103,m viam emailm atm permission
,m orm via m ourm website m atm lww.comm (products mand mservices).
9m m 8m m 7m m 6m m 5m m 4m m 3m m 2m m 1
Library mofmCongress mCataloging-in-PublicationmData
Names:mPolit,mDenise mF.,mauthor.m|mBeck,mCherylmTatano,mauthor.
Title:mEssentialsmofmnursingmresearchm:mappraisingmevidence mformnursingmpractice m/mDenise
F.mPolit,mCherylmTatano mBeck.
Description:mNinth medition.m|mPhiladelphiam:mWoltersmKluwermHealth,m[2018]m|mIncludesmbib
liographical mreferences mand mindex.
Identifiers: mLCCNm2016043994 m|mISBNm9781496351296
Subjects:m|mMESH:mNursingmResearch m|mEvidence-Based mNursing
Classification: mLCCmRT81.5 m|mNLMmWYm20.5 m|mDDCm610.73072—
dc23 mLCmrecord mavailable matmhttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016043994
Thismwork mismprovided m“asmis,” mand mthe mpublisher mdisclaims many mand mallmwarranties,
3
, expressmormimplied,mincludingmany mwarrantiesmasmto maccuracy,mcomprehensiveness,mormcurr
ency mofmthe mcontentmofmthismwork.
Thismwork mismnomsubstitutemformindividualmpatientmassessmentmbased muponmhealthcarempro
fessionals’mexaminationmofmeach mpatientmand mconsideration mof,mamongmothermthings,mage,
mweight,mgender,mcurrent mor mprior mmedical mconditions,mmedication mhistory,mlaboratorymda
ta,mand mothermfactorsmuniquemtomthempatient.mThempublishermdoesmnotmprovidemmedicalmad
vice mormguidance,mand mthismworkmismmerelymamreferencemtool.mHealthcare mprofessionals,ma
ndmnotmthempublisher,maremsolely mresponsible mformthemusemofmthismworkmincludingmallmmedi
calmjudgments mand mformany mresultingmdiagnosis mand mtreatments.
Given mcontinuous,mrapid madvancesminmmedicalmsciencemand mhealth minformation,m indepen
dentmprofessionalmverificationmofmmedicalmdiagnoses,mindications,mappropriatempharmaceu
ticalmselections mandmdosages,mandmtreatmentmoptionsmshouldmbemmademandmhealthcare mprof
essionalsmshouldmconsultmamvarietymofmsources.mWhenmprescribingmmedication,m healthcare
m professionalsm are m advisedm tom consultm them product m informationmsheetm(the mmanufacturer
’smpackage minsert)maccompanyingmeach mdrugmto mverify,mamongm othermthings,mconditions m
ofmuse,mwarningsmandmsidemeffectsmandmidentifymanymchangesminmdosage mschedulemormcontr
aindications,mparticularly mifmthemmedicationmtombemadministeredmismnew,minfrequentlymused
mor mhas ma mnarrowmtherapeutic mrange.mTo mthemmaximummextentmpermittedmundermapplicable
mlaw,mno mresponsibilitymis massumedmbymthe mpublisher mformany minjury mand/or mdamage mtomper
sonsmormproperty,masmammattermofmproductsmliability,mnegligencemlawmormotherwise,mormfrom
many mreference mto mor muse mby many mperson mof mthis mwork.
LWW.com
4
