Samenvatting Neurobiologische achtergronden
Inhoud
College 1:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
College 2: hersenontwikkeling, plasticiteit en evolutionaire theorieën .....................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 3: evolutionaire theorieën......................................................................................................................12
Ward: the student’s guide to social neuroscience ......................................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 1: introduction to social neuroscience ..................................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 2: de methoden van sociale neurowetenschap ....................................................................................17
Hoofdstuk 11: developmental social neuroscience ................................................................................................19
Hersenontwikkeling ..................................................................................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 4: emotie en motivatie ...........................................................................................................................27
Emoties .................................................................................................................................................................27
Emoties in de hersenen........................................................................................................................................28
Emoties in interactie met andere cognitieve processen .......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hoofdstuk 5: reading faces and bodies ...................................................................................................................34
Gezichtsverwerking ..............................................................................................................................................34
Joint attention ...........................................................................................................................................................35
Hoofdstuk 6: het begrijpen van anderen .................................................................................................................38
Empathie en simulatietheorie .............................................................................................................................38
Theory of mind en het redeneren .......................................................................................................................39
Autisme verklaard.................................................................................................................................................40
College 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................41
Gehechtheid .........................................................................................................................................................41
Dopamine en het beloningssysteem ...................................................................................................................42
Geheugen en gehechtheidspresentaties ............................................................................................................43
Taal ........................................................................................................................................................................44
Problemen met sociale relaties ...........................................................................................................................45
Hoofdstuk 7: interacting with others .......................................................................................................................48
Altruïsme en hulpgedrag ......................................................................................................................................48
Game theory en sociale besluitvorming..............................................................................................................49
Deel 2: Genen en hormonen, boek Sapolsky ...............................................................................................................51
College 6: genen en hormonen ................................................................................................................................51
Cellen en genetica ................................................................................................................................................51
Hormonen .............................................................................................................................................................57
Adrenaline .............................................................................................................................................................61
Hoofdstuk 1: het menselijk functioneren ................................................................................................................64
Allostase ................................................................................................................................................................64
, Aanpassen aan acute stressor .............................................................................................................................65
Hoofdstuk 2: gebeurtenissen tijdens stress & college 7 .........................................................................................67
Stress en het zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................................................................67
Hormonen in de hersenen: Hypothalamus-pituirary-adrenal axis (HPA) ..........................................................69
Hormonen en stress .............................................................................................................................................71
Complicaties .........................................................................................................................................................72
Hoofdstuk 3: het hart................................................................................................................................................75
Het hart en stress .................................................................................................................................................75
Hart en vaatziekten ..............................................................................................................................................75
Plotselinge hartproblemen ..................................................................................................................................76
Hartziekten bij vrouwen .......................................................................................................................................77
Hoofdstuk 4: stress, diabetes en metabolisme .......................................................................................................78
Energieopslag .......................................................................................................................................................78
Mobilisatie van energie tijdens een stressor ......................................................................................................79
Waarom worden we ziek? ...................................................................................................................................79
Diabetes type 1 .....................................................................................................................................................80
Diabetes type 2 .....................................................................................................................................................81
Diabetes mellitus (type 1 & 2) .............................................................................................................................81
Metabolisch syndroom ........................................................................................................................................81
Hoofdstuk 5: stress, eetlust en maagzweren ..........................................................................................................82
Stress en voedselconsumptie ..............................................................................................................................82
Opslag van voedingsstoffen .................................................................................................................................82
Ingewanden ..........................................................................................................................................................83
Stress en maagdarmstoornissen .........................................................................................................................83
Zweren ..................................................................................................................................................................83
Maagzuren ............................................................................................................................................................84
Hoofdstuk 7: Stress en voortplanting ......................................................................................................................85
Testosteron ...........................................................................................................................................................85
Hyena’s ..................................................................................................................................................................85
Het voortplantingssysteem bij vrouwen .............................................................................................................86
Seksdrift ................................................................................................................................................................86
Fertilisatie .............................................................................................................................................................87
Miskramen, psychologische abortus en vroegtijdige bevalling .........................................................................87
Hoe schadelijk is stress voor de vrouwelijke voortplanting? .............................................................................87
Hoofdstuk 8: stress, het immuunsysteem en ziekten .............................................................................................88
Basis van immuunsysteem ...................................................................................................................................89
Invloed van stress op het immuunsysteem ........................................................................................................91
Redenen voor suppressie van immuunsysteem .................................................................................................92
, Chronische stress..................................................................................................................................................93
Het verband tussen stress en ziekte ....................................................................................................................94
Stress en kanker ...................................................................................................................................................95
Stress en het verloop van kanker ........................................................................................................................95
Meten activiteit stress systemen .........................................................................................................................96
Hoofdstuk 9: stress en pijn .......................................................................................................................................98
Oorsprong van pijnperceptie ...............................................................................................................................98
Zintuigen en pijnperceptie ...................................................................................................................................98
Allodynia ...............................................................................................................................................................98
Subjectieve pijninterpretatie ...............................................................................................................................99
Stress-gerelateerde analgesie..............................................................................................................................99
Stress-gerelateerde hyperalgesie en fybromyalgie ............................................................................................99
Hoofdstuk 10: stress en geheugen ....................................................................................................................... 100
Hoe werkt het geheugen?................................................................................................................................. 100
Een verbeterd geheugen door kortdurende stress ......................................................................................... 101
Slechter geheugen door aanhoudende stress ................................................................................................. 101
Beschadigende effecten van stress op hippocampus – glucocorticoid neurotoxicity ................................... 101
Hoofdstuk 14: stress en depressie ........................................................................................................................ 103
Symptomen ........................................................................................................................................................ 103
Biologie van depressie....................................................................................................................................... 103
Neuroanatomie en depressie ........................................................................................................................... 104
Stress en biologie van depressie ....................................................................................................................... 105
Stress en psychodynamiek ................................................................................................................................ 105
Stress, aangeleerde hulpeloosheid en depressie ............................................................................................ 105
Hoofdstuk 6: stress en groei .................................................................................................................................. 106
Prenatale stress ................................................................................................................................................. 106
Postnatale stress................................................................................................................................................ 106
Groei van botten en stress ................................................................................................................................ 106
Stress en uitscheiding groeihormonen ............................................................................................................ 107
Groei en groeihormonen bij volwassenen ....................................................................................................... 108
Hoofstuk 13: psychologische stress .................................................................................................................. 109
Bouwstenen en psychologische factoren ........................................................................................................ 109
Controle ............................................................................................................................................................. 109
Voorspelbaarheid .............................................................................................................................................. 110
Hoofdstuk 18: omgaan met stress.................................................................................................................... 111
Artikel Koss & Gunnar................................................................................................................................................. 112
Stress in het vroege leven (early life stress) ......................................................................................................... 112
Hoe komen deze programmerende effecten tot stand? ..................................................................................... 113
, Ontwikkeling HPA-as bij kinderen .............................................................................................................................. 117
Inhoud
College 1:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
College 2: hersenontwikkeling, plasticiteit en evolutionaire theorieën .....................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 3: evolutionaire theorieën......................................................................................................................12
Ward: the student’s guide to social neuroscience ......................................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 1: introduction to social neuroscience ..................................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 2: de methoden van sociale neurowetenschap ....................................................................................17
Hoofdstuk 11: developmental social neuroscience ................................................................................................19
Hersenontwikkeling ..................................................................................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 4: emotie en motivatie ...........................................................................................................................27
Emoties .................................................................................................................................................................27
Emoties in de hersenen........................................................................................................................................28
Emoties in interactie met andere cognitieve processen .......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hoofdstuk 5: reading faces and bodies ...................................................................................................................34
Gezichtsverwerking ..............................................................................................................................................34
Joint attention ...........................................................................................................................................................35
Hoofdstuk 6: het begrijpen van anderen .................................................................................................................38
Empathie en simulatietheorie .............................................................................................................................38
Theory of mind en het redeneren .......................................................................................................................39
Autisme verklaard.................................................................................................................................................40
College 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................41
Gehechtheid .........................................................................................................................................................41
Dopamine en het beloningssysteem ...................................................................................................................42
Geheugen en gehechtheidspresentaties ............................................................................................................43
Taal ........................................................................................................................................................................44
Problemen met sociale relaties ...........................................................................................................................45
Hoofdstuk 7: interacting with others .......................................................................................................................48
Altruïsme en hulpgedrag ......................................................................................................................................48
Game theory en sociale besluitvorming..............................................................................................................49
Deel 2: Genen en hormonen, boek Sapolsky ...............................................................................................................51
College 6: genen en hormonen ................................................................................................................................51
Cellen en genetica ................................................................................................................................................51
Hormonen .............................................................................................................................................................57
Adrenaline .............................................................................................................................................................61
Hoofdstuk 1: het menselijk functioneren ................................................................................................................64
Allostase ................................................................................................................................................................64
, Aanpassen aan acute stressor .............................................................................................................................65
Hoofdstuk 2: gebeurtenissen tijdens stress & college 7 .........................................................................................67
Stress en het zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................................................................67
Hormonen in de hersenen: Hypothalamus-pituirary-adrenal axis (HPA) ..........................................................69
Hormonen en stress .............................................................................................................................................71
Complicaties .........................................................................................................................................................72
Hoofdstuk 3: het hart................................................................................................................................................75
Het hart en stress .................................................................................................................................................75
Hart en vaatziekten ..............................................................................................................................................75
Plotselinge hartproblemen ..................................................................................................................................76
Hartziekten bij vrouwen .......................................................................................................................................77
Hoofdstuk 4: stress, diabetes en metabolisme .......................................................................................................78
Energieopslag .......................................................................................................................................................78
Mobilisatie van energie tijdens een stressor ......................................................................................................79
Waarom worden we ziek? ...................................................................................................................................79
Diabetes type 1 .....................................................................................................................................................80
Diabetes type 2 .....................................................................................................................................................81
Diabetes mellitus (type 1 & 2) .............................................................................................................................81
Metabolisch syndroom ........................................................................................................................................81
Hoofdstuk 5: stress, eetlust en maagzweren ..........................................................................................................82
Stress en voedselconsumptie ..............................................................................................................................82
Opslag van voedingsstoffen .................................................................................................................................82
Ingewanden ..........................................................................................................................................................83
Stress en maagdarmstoornissen .........................................................................................................................83
Zweren ..................................................................................................................................................................83
Maagzuren ............................................................................................................................................................84
Hoofdstuk 7: Stress en voortplanting ......................................................................................................................85
Testosteron ...........................................................................................................................................................85
Hyena’s ..................................................................................................................................................................85
Het voortplantingssysteem bij vrouwen .............................................................................................................86
Seksdrift ................................................................................................................................................................86
Fertilisatie .............................................................................................................................................................87
Miskramen, psychologische abortus en vroegtijdige bevalling .........................................................................87
Hoe schadelijk is stress voor de vrouwelijke voortplanting? .............................................................................87
Hoofdstuk 8: stress, het immuunsysteem en ziekten .............................................................................................88
Basis van immuunsysteem ...................................................................................................................................89
Invloed van stress op het immuunsysteem ........................................................................................................91
Redenen voor suppressie van immuunsysteem .................................................................................................92
, Chronische stress..................................................................................................................................................93
Het verband tussen stress en ziekte ....................................................................................................................94
Stress en kanker ...................................................................................................................................................95
Stress en het verloop van kanker ........................................................................................................................95
Meten activiteit stress systemen .........................................................................................................................96
Hoofdstuk 9: stress en pijn .......................................................................................................................................98
Oorsprong van pijnperceptie ...............................................................................................................................98
Zintuigen en pijnperceptie ...................................................................................................................................98
Allodynia ...............................................................................................................................................................98
Subjectieve pijninterpretatie ...............................................................................................................................99
Stress-gerelateerde analgesie..............................................................................................................................99
Stress-gerelateerde hyperalgesie en fybromyalgie ............................................................................................99
Hoofdstuk 10: stress en geheugen ....................................................................................................................... 100
Hoe werkt het geheugen?................................................................................................................................. 100
Een verbeterd geheugen door kortdurende stress ......................................................................................... 101
Slechter geheugen door aanhoudende stress ................................................................................................. 101
Beschadigende effecten van stress op hippocampus – glucocorticoid neurotoxicity ................................... 101
Hoofdstuk 14: stress en depressie ........................................................................................................................ 103
Symptomen ........................................................................................................................................................ 103
Biologie van depressie....................................................................................................................................... 103
Neuroanatomie en depressie ........................................................................................................................... 104
Stress en biologie van depressie ....................................................................................................................... 105
Stress en psychodynamiek ................................................................................................................................ 105
Stress, aangeleerde hulpeloosheid en depressie ............................................................................................ 105
Hoofdstuk 6: stress en groei .................................................................................................................................. 106
Prenatale stress ................................................................................................................................................. 106
Postnatale stress................................................................................................................................................ 106
Groei van botten en stress ................................................................................................................................ 106
Stress en uitscheiding groeihormonen ............................................................................................................ 107
Groei en groeihormonen bij volwassenen ....................................................................................................... 108
Hoofstuk 13: psychologische stress .................................................................................................................. 109
Bouwstenen en psychologische factoren ........................................................................................................ 109
Controle ............................................................................................................................................................. 109
Voorspelbaarheid .............................................................................................................................................. 110
Hoofdstuk 18: omgaan met stress.................................................................................................................... 111
Artikel Koss & Gunnar................................................................................................................................................. 112
Stress in het vroege leven (early life stress) ......................................................................................................... 112
Hoe komen deze programmerende effecten tot stand? ..................................................................................... 113
, Ontwikkeling HPA-as bij kinderen .............................................................................................................................. 117
