summary from molecule to mind: CELL BIO and NEURO BIO

Summary, From molecule to mind

Table of Contents

NeuroAnatomy ................................................................................................................... 3
Lecture 1, Development of the Brain (Purves Ch22).............................................................. 3
Lecture 2, Skull, meninges, vasculature & Cranial nerves, brainstem ................................. 15
Lecture 3, Spinal Cord, Somatosensory Systems and Autonomous Nervous System (Purves
Ch9,10,17) ........................................................................................................................... 32
Lecture 4, Cortex, Thalamus and Motor Systems (Purves Ch16,17,27,28) .......................... 52
Lecture 5, Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (Purves Ch18,19) ............................................... 71
Lecture 6, Limbic System, Hippocampus and Amygdala (Purves Ch30,31) ......................... 96

Synapse Biology ............................................................................................................. 116
Lecture 1, Chemical Synapses ........................................................................................... 116
Lecture 2, PostsynapSc organizaSon ................................................................................ 125
Lecture 4 & 5, FuncSonal Genomics .................................................................................. 142

NeuroPhysiology ............................................................................................................ 155
Lecture 1, Ion Channels (Purves Ch2-4) ............................................................................. 158
Lecture 2, ResSng membrane potenSal (Purves Ch2-4) .................................................... 168
Lecture 3, AcSve properSes of neurons (Purves Ch2-4) .................................................... 177
Lecture 4, AcSon PotenSal PropagaSon (Purves Ch2-4) ................................................... 181
Lecture 5, CorScal FuncSon and Human Mental Ability .................................................... 189
Lecture 6, OptogeneScs .................................................................................................... 197
Lecture 7, SynapSc PlasScity (Purves Chapter 8 & 30) ...................................................... 213
Paper Discussion Nabavi ............................................................................................... 221
Lecture 8, CogniSve Map/ Memories (Purves Chapter 30) ............................................... 230
Lecture 8, CogniSve Map/ Memories (Purves Chapter 30) ............................................... 230
Paper Discussion LiuNature (memory) .......................................................................... 240

Basics in Cell Biology and Neurobiology .......................................................................... 251
Lecture 1, Intracellular Compartments and Transport (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch15) ........ 251
Lecture 2, Intracellular Signaling (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch16/ Purves Ch7) ..................... 264
Lecture 3, Protein Structure and FuncSon (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch4) ............................. 279
Lecture 4, Cytoskeleton (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch17) ....................................................... 293
Lecture 5, Neurotransmi\ers and their Receptors (Purves Ch6) ....................................... 303

, Lecture 6, DNA and Chromosomes (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch5) ........................................ 315
Lecture 7, From DNA to Protein: How Cells Read the Genome (EssenSal Cell Biology Ch7)
.......................................................................................................................................... 323
Lecture 8, Synapses (Purves Ch5) ...................................................................................... 335
Lecture 9, Molecular Memory / SynapSc PlasScity (Purves Ch8) ...................................... 349

Methods and Models in Neuroscience ............................................................................ 358
Lecture 1, C. elegans ......................................................................................................... 359
Lecture 2, Yeast ................................................................................................................. 371
Lecture 3, Drosophila ........................................................................................................ 381
Lecture 4, Mouse ............................................................................................................... 388

,Basics in Cell Biology and Neurobiology

Lecture 1, Intracellular Compartments and Transport (EssenRal Cell Biology Ch15)




The ER is there for protein synthesis. However, there are way more subcellular structures, the
nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes.

Organelles

, Organelles are in a certain posiAon, size and numbers in the cell (e.g., one nucleus, one ER
but it can extend far into the cell, even into dendriAc extensions). This can vary for each cell.
If you take all organelles out of the cell, you will be le] with 54% of the cell which contains
cytosol.
A very important organelle in terms of number and the size it occupies is the mitochondria.
- Mitochondria can split, producing new mitochondria
- In neurons, this o]en happens (40% of all energy is required by the brain)
o If you look at an axon terminal where there is a lot of neurotransmiTer
release, pumping neurotransmiTers into vesicles requires lots of ATP.
o The maintenance of the voltage over the cell membrane also requires ATP: ion
transporters pumping against the gradient
The organelle is o]en more abundant at the place where a specific role is.

All organelles are made of lipid bilayers. Lipid
bilayers can nicely make compartments in a
cell, therefore all these organelles can have
different funcAons. However, the lipid bilayer
also hinders the transport of molecules in and
out of the cells.

Transport in cells raises two quesAons:
- How can they pass the lipid membranes
- How do they know a]er the cell synthesis
where they have to go?

The cell needs a signal on what to do with a
protein