DH244 Chapter 3 Theories Of Disease
Progression, Epidemiology Of Disease Of The
Periodontium Exam Study Guide
Periodontal disease is characterized by periods of _________ ________ and _____________ -
Answer disease activity, inactivity
True or False: in most cases untreated gingivitis does not progress to periodontitis -
Answer True
True or False: Progression of PD appears to be extended periods of quiescence with
short episodes of disease activity - Answer
True or False: Periodontitis may be either localized or generalized. The diseases
progresses continuously over time. - Answer
True or False: Periodontal disease is always consistent with the amount of oral biofilm
found int the mouth, including the presence of subgingival calculus. Periodontitis can
progress at a slow rate with short bursts of disease progression. - Answer
What is epidemiology ? - Answer the study of the health and disease within the total
population (rather than the individual) and the behavioral, environmental, and genetic
risk factors that influence health and disease
3 objectives of epidemiological research - Answer - to determine the amount and
distribution of disease in the total population and in subgroups
- to investigate the causes of a disease
- to apply this knowledge to the control and prevention of disease
Prevalence - Answer the number of individuals or sites with disease present in given
population at a given time. may be evaluated cross sectionally
- computed by dividing the number of persons with the disease by the number of
persons in the population
Incidence - Answer the rate of occurrence of a new disease in a population over a given
period of time
- computed by dividing the number of new cases of the disease by the number of
persons at risk in the population
- may be evaluated longitudinally
Indices - Answer - many exist to evaluate certain characteristics
- only measure the effects of disease not activity
, - arbitrary scales applied to describe clinical observations
- often revised when new understanding or more emphasis
(GI) Gingival Index - Answer assesses severity of gingivitis based on color, consistency,
and bleeding upon probing
Difficulties in Measurement of PD's - Answer - it is easier to evaluate a population for
caries than periodontal disease
- development and disease progression involves only the tooth structure
- periodontal disease involves only the tooth structure
- evaluation of periodontal disease is less specific
- multiple variables to consider: tissue color and swelling, loss of bone, degree of
bleeding, probing depths
Gingivitis Severity - Answer Most: mandibular molar linguals, maxillary molar facials
Least: maxillary anterior lingual
Periodontitis Severity - Answer Most: mandibular incisors, maxillary molars
Least: maxillary canines, mandibular premolars
Risk Factors - Answer aspects of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental
exposure, or inborn of inherited characteristics, which on the basis of epidemiological
evidence are known to be associated with disease; not necessarily the cause
- used to predict the occurrence of disease
- presence of a risk factor does NOT necessarily mean that an individual is likely to get
the disease
Examples of Risk Factors for Periodontitis - Answer oral hygiene
diabetes
smoking
Risk Indicators - Answer Traits which are thought to be risk factors but which have not
yet been established by longitudinal studies or clinical trials
- include demographic behavioral, and socioeconomic
- potential risk factors
Examples of Risk Indicators - Answer osteoporosis
HIV infection
Progression, Epidemiology Of Disease Of The
Periodontium Exam Study Guide
Periodontal disease is characterized by periods of _________ ________ and _____________ -
Answer disease activity, inactivity
True or False: in most cases untreated gingivitis does not progress to periodontitis -
Answer True
True or False: Progression of PD appears to be extended periods of quiescence with
short episodes of disease activity - Answer
True or False: Periodontitis may be either localized or generalized. The diseases
progresses continuously over time. - Answer
True or False: Periodontal disease is always consistent with the amount of oral biofilm
found int the mouth, including the presence of subgingival calculus. Periodontitis can
progress at a slow rate with short bursts of disease progression. - Answer
What is epidemiology ? - Answer the study of the health and disease within the total
population (rather than the individual) and the behavioral, environmental, and genetic
risk factors that influence health and disease
3 objectives of epidemiological research - Answer - to determine the amount and
distribution of disease in the total population and in subgroups
- to investigate the causes of a disease
- to apply this knowledge to the control and prevention of disease
Prevalence - Answer the number of individuals or sites with disease present in given
population at a given time. may be evaluated cross sectionally
- computed by dividing the number of persons with the disease by the number of
persons in the population
Incidence - Answer the rate of occurrence of a new disease in a population over a given
period of time
- computed by dividing the number of new cases of the disease by the number of
persons at risk in the population
- may be evaluated longitudinally
Indices - Answer - many exist to evaluate certain characteristics
- only measure the effects of disease not activity
, - arbitrary scales applied to describe clinical observations
- often revised when new understanding or more emphasis
(GI) Gingival Index - Answer assesses severity of gingivitis based on color, consistency,
and bleeding upon probing
Difficulties in Measurement of PD's - Answer - it is easier to evaluate a population for
caries than periodontal disease
- development and disease progression involves only the tooth structure
- periodontal disease involves only the tooth structure
- evaluation of periodontal disease is less specific
- multiple variables to consider: tissue color and swelling, loss of bone, degree of
bleeding, probing depths
Gingivitis Severity - Answer Most: mandibular molar linguals, maxillary molar facials
Least: maxillary anterior lingual
Periodontitis Severity - Answer Most: mandibular incisors, maxillary molars
Least: maxillary canines, mandibular premolars
Risk Factors - Answer aspects of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental
exposure, or inborn of inherited characteristics, which on the basis of epidemiological
evidence are known to be associated with disease; not necessarily the cause
- used to predict the occurrence of disease
- presence of a risk factor does NOT necessarily mean that an individual is likely to get
the disease
Examples of Risk Factors for Periodontitis - Answer oral hygiene
diabetes
smoking
Risk Indicators - Answer Traits which are thought to be risk factors but which have not
yet been established by longitudinal studies or clinical trials
- include demographic behavioral, and socioeconomic
- potential risk factors
Examples of Risk Indicators - Answer osteoporosis
HIV infection
