ITLS TEST EXAM QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALE|VERIFIED BY EXPERTS|(100% PASS
GUARANTEED) A GRADED |LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025.
when should resuscitation be withheld? - CORRECT ANSWER 1)blunt trauma with no
breathing, pulse, or organized rhythm, 2)penetrating trauma(no br, pu,ekg rhy)3) injuries
incompatible with life, 4)any trauma evident of significant time lapse( no br, pu, ekg rhy)
what is most commonly injured, during a fall from a height, of an infant - CORRECT ANSWER
head
from what height could a child sustain a serious head injury? - CORRECT ANSWER over 27
inches
what is the proper amount of inflation of a BVM on a child? - CORRECT ANSWER less than
20cm H2O to keep from inflating the stomach or causing a pneumothorax.
BVM ventilation rate for a child less than a year old? - CORRECT ANSWER 20 per minute
BVM ventilation rate for a child greater than 1 year old? - CORRECT ANSWER 15 per minute
BVM ventilation rate for an adolescent? - CORRECT ANSWER 10 per minute
blind nasotracheal intubation in children - CORRECT ANSWER not recommended in children
under 8 years old because the nares are to small and the larynx is to far anterior.
new born vital sign range - CORRECT ANSWER 30-50 resp, 120-160 pulse, >60 systolic
6 months-1 year vital sign range - CORRECT ANSWER 30-40 resp, 120-140 pulse, 70-80
systolic
2-4 year olds vital sign range - CORRECT ANSWER 20-30 resp, 100-110 pulse, 80-95 systolic
5-8 year olds vital signs range - CORRECT ANSWER 14-20 resp, 90-100 pulse, 90-100
systolic
8-12 year olds vital range - CORRECT ANSWER 12-20 resp, 80-100 pulse, 100-110 systolic
>12 year olds vital range - CORRECT ANSWER 12-16 resp, 80-100 pulse, 100-120 systolic
Introsseous infusion in children - CORRECT ANSWER IV placed in the childs proximal tibia
what is the most common cause of death in pediatric patients? - CORRECT ANSWER Head
injuries
,what is the best indicator of head trauma? - CORRECT ANSWER changing level of
consciousness
SMR criteria following a significant mechanism of injury - CORRECT ANSWER altered
mental status, intoxication, distracting painful injury, neurological deficit, spinal pain or
tenderness
blood volume during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER increases 40-50%
how much blood can a pregnant patient lose before any detectable change is noticed in blood
pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER up to 1500 cc`s
result of shock state in a pregnant mother - CORRECT ANSWER results in 80% fetal mortality
rate
when backboarding a pregnant patient - CORRECT ANSWER rotate the backboard 20-30% to
the patients left, elevate the right hip 4-6 inches with a towel
what is the most common cause of fetal death in trauma? - CORRECT ANSWER maternal
death
where is a hemorrhage concealed in the pregnant victim? - CORRECT ANSWER the
retroperitoneal area, its a low pressure venous system and can accommodate the loss of 4 or
more liters of blood
gunshot wounds to the pregnant abdomen? - CORRECT ANSWER 40-70% mortality rate for
the fetus and 4-10% mortality rate to the mother
pregnant burn patients? - CORRECT ANSWER fluid replacement should be given early and in
large amounts
normal CO2 levels - CORRECT ANSWER 35-40mmHg..an increase in CO2 promotes
vasodilation which increases ICP
routine management of the patient with a head injury? - CORRECT ANSWER 100% high flow
oxygen, DO NOT HYPERVENTILATE!
"Cushings Reflex" - CORRECT ANSWER a term used to describe the vital signs related to an
isolated head injury: Hypertension, bradycardia and mixed breathing patterns.
3 things to make you interrupt your primary survey - CORRECT ANSWER 1) scene becomes
unsafe, 2)to treat an airway obstruction, 3) cardiac arrest
goal off scene time for critical patients? - CORRECT ANSWER 5 minutes or less
,whats the only thing to increase the survival of trauma patients? - CORRECT ANSWER
decrease time to definitive care
The initial assessment and rapid trauma survey time? - CORRECT ANSWER less than 2
minutes
normal adult respiratory rate - CORRECT ANSWER 10-20
normal small child respiratory rate - CORRECT ANSWER 15-30
normal infant respiratory rate - CORRECT ANSWER 25-50
Tibula-fibula blood loss from a fracture - CORRECT ANSWER 500cc
femur blood loss from a fracture - CORRECT ANSWER 1,000cc or 1 liter, 2 can be life
threatening
pelvic blood loss from a fracture - CORRECT ANSWER 1,500-2,000cc
3 mechanisms that cause musculoskeletal injuries - CORRECT ANSWER direct force, indirect
force, twisting force
opiate triad - CORRECT ANSWER depressed LOC, pinpoint pupils, and respiratory depression
parkland formula - CORRECT ANSWER formula for figuring out how much fluid to give to a
(patient weight in KG x 4ml) x (burn percentage)= then cut that in half
primary brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER immediate damage due to force, fixed at the time
of injury
secondary brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER results from hypoxia, and hypoperfusion
cerebral herniation syndrom - CORRECT ANSWER decreased LOC, respiratory depression,
unequal pupils, decerebrate posturing, decorticate posturing. Maintain systolic BP of 110-120
neurogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER results from cervical or thoracic spinal injury,
malfunction of the sympathetic nervous system
signs and symptoms of neurogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER hypotension, decreased
sensory and or motor function, inappropriate low heart rate, normal skin color and condition
motorcycle helmets - CORRECT ANSWER must remove in order to maintain neutral SMR and
airway control.
football helmets - CORRECT ANSWER leave o if shoulder pads are on to maintain neutral
SMR, remove if unable to ventilate or loose fitting helmet
, blunt thoracic trauma - CORRECT ANSWER fracture of solid organs, blowout of hollow
organs, and tearing of large blood vessels
penetrating thoracic trauma - CORRECT ANSWER direct injury to vasculature and organ
additional damage from mass and velocity of penetrating objects
flail chest - CORRECT ANSWER 3 or more ribs fractured in 2 or more places
flail chest treatment - CORRECT ANSWER BVM is best treatment, secure with a bulky
dressing, consider rapid transport, may need to intubate
massive hemothorax - CORRECT ANSWER shock, decreased or absent breath sounds on
effected side, anxiety and confusion, FLAT NECK VEINS, load and go, treat for shock
direct compression of the abdomen - CORRECT ANSWER fracture of solid organs, blowout of
hollow organs
Hypoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER The most common cause of cardiopulmonary arrest in the
trauma patient
Cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER Heart rate x stroke volume
Shock - CORRECT ANSWER Condition that occurs when perfussion of the bodies tissues with
oxygen, glucose, electrolytes and fluid becomes inadequate.
Compensated shock - CORRECT ANSWER Weakness, lightheaded, pallor, tachy, diaphoresis,
tachypenia, decreased urine output, weak peripheral pulses
Decompinsated shock - CORRECT ANSWER Hypotension, altered mental status, cardiac arrest
Early shock - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of 15-25% of blood volume, tachy, pallor, narrowed
pulse pressure, thirst, weakness
Late shock - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of 30-45% blood loss, hypotension. Bodies ability to
compensate has failed
Pressence of tachycardia - CORRECT ANSWER Tachycardia in the resting patient is always an
indication something medically wrong or possibly occult hemorhage.
Whats considered tachycardia? - CORRECT ANSWER Above 100 in an adult and higher in
younger ages
Emergency Rescue - CORRECT ANSWER situations where there is immediate enviromental
threat to the life of the victim or rescuer. Patients should be moved to a safe area in a manner that
puts the rescuer at the least risk.(1-2 seconds)
WITH RATIONALE|VERIFIED BY EXPERTS|(100% PASS
GUARANTEED) A GRADED |LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025.
when should resuscitation be withheld? - CORRECT ANSWER 1)blunt trauma with no
breathing, pulse, or organized rhythm, 2)penetrating trauma(no br, pu,ekg rhy)3) injuries
incompatible with life, 4)any trauma evident of significant time lapse( no br, pu, ekg rhy)
what is most commonly injured, during a fall from a height, of an infant - CORRECT ANSWER
head
from what height could a child sustain a serious head injury? - CORRECT ANSWER over 27
inches
what is the proper amount of inflation of a BVM on a child? - CORRECT ANSWER less than
20cm H2O to keep from inflating the stomach or causing a pneumothorax.
BVM ventilation rate for a child less than a year old? - CORRECT ANSWER 20 per minute
BVM ventilation rate for a child greater than 1 year old? - CORRECT ANSWER 15 per minute
BVM ventilation rate for an adolescent? - CORRECT ANSWER 10 per minute
blind nasotracheal intubation in children - CORRECT ANSWER not recommended in children
under 8 years old because the nares are to small and the larynx is to far anterior.
new born vital sign range - CORRECT ANSWER 30-50 resp, 120-160 pulse, >60 systolic
6 months-1 year vital sign range - CORRECT ANSWER 30-40 resp, 120-140 pulse, 70-80
systolic
2-4 year olds vital sign range - CORRECT ANSWER 20-30 resp, 100-110 pulse, 80-95 systolic
5-8 year olds vital signs range - CORRECT ANSWER 14-20 resp, 90-100 pulse, 90-100
systolic
8-12 year olds vital range - CORRECT ANSWER 12-20 resp, 80-100 pulse, 100-110 systolic
>12 year olds vital range - CORRECT ANSWER 12-16 resp, 80-100 pulse, 100-120 systolic
Introsseous infusion in children - CORRECT ANSWER IV placed in the childs proximal tibia
what is the most common cause of death in pediatric patients? - CORRECT ANSWER Head
injuries
,what is the best indicator of head trauma? - CORRECT ANSWER changing level of
consciousness
SMR criteria following a significant mechanism of injury - CORRECT ANSWER altered
mental status, intoxication, distracting painful injury, neurological deficit, spinal pain or
tenderness
blood volume during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER increases 40-50%
how much blood can a pregnant patient lose before any detectable change is noticed in blood
pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER up to 1500 cc`s
result of shock state in a pregnant mother - CORRECT ANSWER results in 80% fetal mortality
rate
when backboarding a pregnant patient - CORRECT ANSWER rotate the backboard 20-30% to
the patients left, elevate the right hip 4-6 inches with a towel
what is the most common cause of fetal death in trauma? - CORRECT ANSWER maternal
death
where is a hemorrhage concealed in the pregnant victim? - CORRECT ANSWER the
retroperitoneal area, its a low pressure venous system and can accommodate the loss of 4 or
more liters of blood
gunshot wounds to the pregnant abdomen? - CORRECT ANSWER 40-70% mortality rate for
the fetus and 4-10% mortality rate to the mother
pregnant burn patients? - CORRECT ANSWER fluid replacement should be given early and in
large amounts
normal CO2 levels - CORRECT ANSWER 35-40mmHg..an increase in CO2 promotes
vasodilation which increases ICP
routine management of the patient with a head injury? - CORRECT ANSWER 100% high flow
oxygen, DO NOT HYPERVENTILATE!
"Cushings Reflex" - CORRECT ANSWER a term used to describe the vital signs related to an
isolated head injury: Hypertension, bradycardia and mixed breathing patterns.
3 things to make you interrupt your primary survey - CORRECT ANSWER 1) scene becomes
unsafe, 2)to treat an airway obstruction, 3) cardiac arrest
goal off scene time for critical patients? - CORRECT ANSWER 5 minutes or less
,whats the only thing to increase the survival of trauma patients? - CORRECT ANSWER
decrease time to definitive care
The initial assessment and rapid trauma survey time? - CORRECT ANSWER less than 2
minutes
normal adult respiratory rate - CORRECT ANSWER 10-20
normal small child respiratory rate - CORRECT ANSWER 15-30
normal infant respiratory rate - CORRECT ANSWER 25-50
Tibula-fibula blood loss from a fracture - CORRECT ANSWER 500cc
femur blood loss from a fracture - CORRECT ANSWER 1,000cc or 1 liter, 2 can be life
threatening
pelvic blood loss from a fracture - CORRECT ANSWER 1,500-2,000cc
3 mechanisms that cause musculoskeletal injuries - CORRECT ANSWER direct force, indirect
force, twisting force
opiate triad - CORRECT ANSWER depressed LOC, pinpoint pupils, and respiratory depression
parkland formula - CORRECT ANSWER formula for figuring out how much fluid to give to a
(patient weight in KG x 4ml) x (burn percentage)= then cut that in half
primary brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER immediate damage due to force, fixed at the time
of injury
secondary brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER results from hypoxia, and hypoperfusion
cerebral herniation syndrom - CORRECT ANSWER decreased LOC, respiratory depression,
unequal pupils, decerebrate posturing, decorticate posturing. Maintain systolic BP of 110-120
neurogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER results from cervical or thoracic spinal injury,
malfunction of the sympathetic nervous system
signs and symptoms of neurogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER hypotension, decreased
sensory and or motor function, inappropriate low heart rate, normal skin color and condition
motorcycle helmets - CORRECT ANSWER must remove in order to maintain neutral SMR and
airway control.
football helmets - CORRECT ANSWER leave o if shoulder pads are on to maintain neutral
SMR, remove if unable to ventilate or loose fitting helmet
, blunt thoracic trauma - CORRECT ANSWER fracture of solid organs, blowout of hollow
organs, and tearing of large blood vessels
penetrating thoracic trauma - CORRECT ANSWER direct injury to vasculature and organ
additional damage from mass and velocity of penetrating objects
flail chest - CORRECT ANSWER 3 or more ribs fractured in 2 or more places
flail chest treatment - CORRECT ANSWER BVM is best treatment, secure with a bulky
dressing, consider rapid transport, may need to intubate
massive hemothorax - CORRECT ANSWER shock, decreased or absent breath sounds on
effected side, anxiety and confusion, FLAT NECK VEINS, load and go, treat for shock
direct compression of the abdomen - CORRECT ANSWER fracture of solid organs, blowout of
hollow organs
Hypoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER The most common cause of cardiopulmonary arrest in the
trauma patient
Cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER Heart rate x stroke volume
Shock - CORRECT ANSWER Condition that occurs when perfussion of the bodies tissues with
oxygen, glucose, electrolytes and fluid becomes inadequate.
Compensated shock - CORRECT ANSWER Weakness, lightheaded, pallor, tachy, diaphoresis,
tachypenia, decreased urine output, weak peripheral pulses
Decompinsated shock - CORRECT ANSWER Hypotension, altered mental status, cardiac arrest
Early shock - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of 15-25% of blood volume, tachy, pallor, narrowed
pulse pressure, thirst, weakness
Late shock - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of 30-45% blood loss, hypotension. Bodies ability to
compensate has failed
Pressence of tachycardia - CORRECT ANSWER Tachycardia in the resting patient is always an
indication something medically wrong or possibly occult hemorhage.
Whats considered tachycardia? - CORRECT ANSWER Above 100 in an adult and higher in
younger ages
Emergency Rescue - CORRECT ANSWER situations where there is immediate enviromental
threat to the life of the victim or rescuer. Patients should be moved to a safe area in a manner that
puts the rescuer at the least risk.(1-2 seconds)
