1
Table of Contents
Week 1: The Speluncean Explorers, Radbruch and Hart................................................................................................................ 10
The Speluncean Case.................................................................................................................................................................. 10
The Judges......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Judge Foster (Natural Law)...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Judge Keen (Legal Positivism)..................................................................................................................................................10
Judge Handy (‘Law Is What Judges Do’)................................................................................................................................ 10
The Puttfarken Case (Retroactive Punishment)...................................................................................................................... 11
Retroactive Punishment....................................................................................................................................................................11
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................11
H.L.A. Hart (Legal Positivism)..................................................................................................................................................11
Definition of Legal Positivism...........................................................................................................................................................11
H.L.A. Hart (Primary/Secondary Rules, The Rule of Recognition).....................................................................................11
Gustav Radbruch (Natural Law)............................................................................................................................................... 12
Definition of Natural Law................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Gustav Radbruch (Statutory Lawlessness and Supra-Statutory Law)................................................................................... 12
The Radbruch Formula...................................................................................................................................................12
Week 2: Utilitarianism and Freedom of Speech............................................................................................................................... 13
The Doctrine of Duty.................................................................................................................................................................13
Duty vs. Consequentialism (How It Relates To Utilitarianism)............................................................................................13
Jeremy Bentham (With Counter-Arguments).......................................................................................................................... 13
Bentham’s Definition of Utilitarianism........................................................................................................................................... 13
The Utility Principle and the Felicific/Hedonistic Calculus.................................................................................................. 13
Mill’s Take on Bentham’s Utility.....................................................................................................................................13
The Harm Principle......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Counter-Arguments to Utilitarianism............................................................................................................................................. 14
Peter Singer................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Effective Altruism.............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Main Arguments............................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Counter-Arguments................................................................................................................................................................. 14
John Stuart Mill..........................................................................................................................................................................15
Mill’s Definition of Happiness......................................................................................................................................................... 15
The Harm Principle/Evil Through Inaction...........................................................................................................................15
Freedom of Speech and Consciousness................................................................................................................................... 15
The Argument for Freedom of Speech........................................................................................................................... 15
Exception to Freedom of Speech..................................................................................................................................... 16
Jeremy Waldron.......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Freedom of Speech............................................................................................................................................................................ 16
, 2
Limits on Freedom of Speech...................................................................................................................................................16
Critiques of Mill....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Alternative Approach...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Zemmour Vs. France................................................................................................................................................................... 16
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Issue:.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Rule:.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................17
Week 3: Deontology and Rawls......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Deontology.................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Immanuel Kant........................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Kant's Critique of Utilitarianism......................................................................................................................................................18
The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals:.................................................................................................................. 18
1. Good Will and Duty.................................................................................................................................................... 18
2. The Categorical Imperative......................................................................................................................................... 18
Criticisms of Kant’s Moral Philosophy....................................................................................................................................18
1. Bitterness...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
2. No Happiness...............................................................................................................................................................18
3. Formal and Empty....................................................................................................................................................... 19
4. Rigidity......................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Gäfgen Vs. Germany................................................................................................................................................................... 19
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................20
John Rawls.................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Foundations of Rawls’ Theory......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Assumptions:............................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Finding Principles of Justice.....................................................................................................................................................20
Principles of Justice.......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Week 4: Virtue Ethics and Citizenship Education........................................................................................................................... 22
Virtue Ethics (General Overview)..............................................................................................................................................22
Critiques............................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Aristotle.......................................................................................................................................................................................22
Ideology..............................................................................................................................................................................................22
Virtue.........................................................................................................................................................................................22
Well-Being................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Prudence....................................................................................................................................................................................22
On Judges..................................................................................................................................................................................23
Martha Nussbaum's Critiques/Extension........................................................................................................................ 23
Counter-Arguments................................................................................................................................................................. 23
, 3
Contextual Features..................................................................................................................................................................23
Deliberation Involves Careful Consideration.................................................................................................................23
Interpretation Requires Understanding of Particularities............................................................................................. 23
Adaptability......................................................................................................................................................................24
Implications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Trans-Parent Case.......................................................................................................................................................................24
Background........................................................................................................................................................................................24
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................25
Citizenship Education................................................................................................................................................................25
Ancient Greece........................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Classic Liberalism.............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Jean-Jacques Rousseau:............................................................................................................................................................ 25
John Stuart Mill........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Early U.S. Figures...............................................................................................................................................................................25
Educational Shifts (John Dewey)......................................................................................................................................................26
Cosmopolitan Education:.................................................................................................................................................................26
Gutmann's Arguments on Education (Open Dialogue/Promoting Inclusivity)....................................................................26
1. Family State:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
2. State of Families:................................................................................................................................................................... 26
3. State of Individuals:.............................................................................................................................................................. 26
Proposal of a "Democratic State of Education":......................................................................................................................26
Gutmann's Vision for Education:.....................................................................................................................................................26
Critique and Contrast with Galston:.......................................................................................................................................26
Galston’s Arguments on Education (Strict Civic Virtues).......................................................................................................27
Parental Dilemma:............................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Democracy and Critical Thinking:.......................................................................................................................................... 27
Critical Thinking Limitation:...........................................................................................................................................................27
Interest Parents vs. Interest State:..................................................................................................................................................... 27
Galston vs. Gutmann..........................................................................................................................................................27
Snyder vs. Phelps Case................................................................................................................................................................27
Background........................................................................................................................................................................................27
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................28
Week 5: Critiques of Rawls, Libertarianism and Judicial Review..................................................................................................29
Robert Nozick.............................................................................................................................................................................29
The Entitlement Theory.......................................................................................................................................................... 29
, 4
Principles................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
The Principle of Justice in Acquisition...........................................................................................................................29
The Principle of Justice in Transfer.................................................................................................................................29
The Rectification of Injustice in Holdings..................................................................................................................... 29
Pauline Kleingeld’s Critique on Kant....................................................................................................................................... 29
Tensions in Kant’s Philosophy..........................................................................................................................................................30
Positions on Kant’s Philosophy................................................................................................................................................30
1. Inconsistent Egalitarian............................................................................................................................................... 30
2. Consistent Egalitarian..................................................................................................................................................30
3. Third Position.............................................................................................................................................................. 30
C. Wright Mills...........................................................................................................................................................................30
The Rawlsian Social Contract and Its Limitations................................................................................................................. 30
Limitations of Ideal Theory..................................................................................................................................................... 30
1. Ideal Ideal..................................................................................................................................................................... 31
2. Rectificatory Ideal........................................................................................................................................................ 31
Jeremy Waldron.......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
What is Judicial Review?...................................................................................................................................................................31
Waldron (Against Judicial Review).................................................................................................................................................. 31
Process-Related Arguments.............................................................................................................................................................. 31
Arguments/Counter-Arguments............................................................................................................................................ 31
Outcome-Related Arguments.......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Arguments/Counter-Arguments............................................................................................................................................ 32
Non-Core Cases................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organisation..................................................................................................................... 32
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................33
Week 6: Citizenship............................................................................................................................................................................34
Klymlicka and Donaldson (Animal Citizenship)..................................................................................................................... 34
Domesticated Animals and Citizenship........................................................................................................................................... 34
Wild Animals and Sovereignty..........................................................................................................................................................34
Liminal Animals and Denizenship................................................................................................................................................... 34
Layers of Citizenship......................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Intersubjective Relations and Animal Rights..........................................................................................................................35
Communication with Animals................................................................................................................................................ 35
Counterarguments and Limitations.................................................................................................................................................35
De Schutter and Ypi (Mandatory Citizenship for Immigrants)............................................................................................. 35
Political Obligation, Migration, and Citizenship.............................................................................................................................35
Asymmetry in Citizenship................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Mandatory Citizenship and Democratic Equality...........................................................................................................................36
Arguments/Counter-Arguments..................................................................................................................................................... 36
Table of Contents
Week 1: The Speluncean Explorers, Radbruch and Hart................................................................................................................ 10
The Speluncean Case.................................................................................................................................................................. 10
The Judges......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Judge Foster (Natural Law)...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Judge Keen (Legal Positivism)..................................................................................................................................................10
Judge Handy (‘Law Is What Judges Do’)................................................................................................................................ 10
The Puttfarken Case (Retroactive Punishment)...................................................................................................................... 11
Retroactive Punishment....................................................................................................................................................................11
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................11
H.L.A. Hart (Legal Positivism)..................................................................................................................................................11
Definition of Legal Positivism...........................................................................................................................................................11
H.L.A. Hart (Primary/Secondary Rules, The Rule of Recognition).....................................................................................11
Gustav Radbruch (Natural Law)............................................................................................................................................... 12
Definition of Natural Law................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Gustav Radbruch (Statutory Lawlessness and Supra-Statutory Law)................................................................................... 12
The Radbruch Formula...................................................................................................................................................12
Week 2: Utilitarianism and Freedom of Speech............................................................................................................................... 13
The Doctrine of Duty.................................................................................................................................................................13
Duty vs. Consequentialism (How It Relates To Utilitarianism)............................................................................................13
Jeremy Bentham (With Counter-Arguments).......................................................................................................................... 13
Bentham’s Definition of Utilitarianism........................................................................................................................................... 13
The Utility Principle and the Felicific/Hedonistic Calculus.................................................................................................. 13
Mill’s Take on Bentham’s Utility.....................................................................................................................................13
The Harm Principle......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Counter-Arguments to Utilitarianism............................................................................................................................................. 14
Peter Singer................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Effective Altruism.............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Main Arguments............................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Counter-Arguments................................................................................................................................................................. 14
John Stuart Mill..........................................................................................................................................................................15
Mill’s Definition of Happiness......................................................................................................................................................... 15
The Harm Principle/Evil Through Inaction...........................................................................................................................15
Freedom of Speech and Consciousness................................................................................................................................... 15
The Argument for Freedom of Speech........................................................................................................................... 15
Exception to Freedom of Speech..................................................................................................................................... 16
Jeremy Waldron.......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Freedom of Speech............................................................................................................................................................................ 16
, 2
Limits on Freedom of Speech...................................................................................................................................................16
Critiques of Mill....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Alternative Approach...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Zemmour Vs. France................................................................................................................................................................... 16
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Issue:.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Rule:.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................17
Week 3: Deontology and Rawls......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Deontology.................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Immanuel Kant........................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Kant's Critique of Utilitarianism......................................................................................................................................................18
The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals:.................................................................................................................. 18
1. Good Will and Duty.................................................................................................................................................... 18
2. The Categorical Imperative......................................................................................................................................... 18
Criticisms of Kant’s Moral Philosophy....................................................................................................................................18
1. Bitterness...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
2. No Happiness...............................................................................................................................................................18
3. Formal and Empty....................................................................................................................................................... 19
4. Rigidity......................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Gäfgen Vs. Germany................................................................................................................................................................... 19
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................20
John Rawls.................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Foundations of Rawls’ Theory......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Assumptions:............................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Finding Principles of Justice.....................................................................................................................................................20
Principles of Justice.......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Week 4: Virtue Ethics and Citizenship Education........................................................................................................................... 22
Virtue Ethics (General Overview)..............................................................................................................................................22
Critiques............................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Aristotle.......................................................................................................................................................................................22
Ideology..............................................................................................................................................................................................22
Virtue.........................................................................................................................................................................................22
Well-Being................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Prudence....................................................................................................................................................................................22
On Judges..................................................................................................................................................................................23
Martha Nussbaum's Critiques/Extension........................................................................................................................ 23
Counter-Arguments................................................................................................................................................................. 23
, 3
Contextual Features..................................................................................................................................................................23
Deliberation Involves Careful Consideration.................................................................................................................23
Interpretation Requires Understanding of Particularities............................................................................................. 23
Adaptability......................................................................................................................................................................24
Implications.............................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Trans-Parent Case.......................................................................................................................................................................24
Background........................................................................................................................................................................................24
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................25
Citizenship Education................................................................................................................................................................25
Ancient Greece........................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Classic Liberalism.............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Jean-Jacques Rousseau:............................................................................................................................................................ 25
John Stuart Mill........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Early U.S. Figures...............................................................................................................................................................................25
Educational Shifts (John Dewey)......................................................................................................................................................26
Cosmopolitan Education:.................................................................................................................................................................26
Gutmann's Arguments on Education (Open Dialogue/Promoting Inclusivity)....................................................................26
1. Family State:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
2. State of Families:................................................................................................................................................................... 26
3. State of Individuals:.............................................................................................................................................................. 26
Proposal of a "Democratic State of Education":......................................................................................................................26
Gutmann's Vision for Education:.....................................................................................................................................................26
Critique and Contrast with Galston:.......................................................................................................................................26
Galston’s Arguments on Education (Strict Civic Virtues).......................................................................................................27
Parental Dilemma:............................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Democracy and Critical Thinking:.......................................................................................................................................... 27
Critical Thinking Limitation:...........................................................................................................................................................27
Interest Parents vs. Interest State:..................................................................................................................................................... 27
Galston vs. Gutmann..........................................................................................................................................................27
Snyder vs. Phelps Case................................................................................................................................................................27
Background........................................................................................................................................................................................27
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................28
Week 5: Critiques of Rawls, Libertarianism and Judicial Review..................................................................................................29
Robert Nozick.............................................................................................................................................................................29
The Entitlement Theory.......................................................................................................................................................... 29
, 4
Principles................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
The Principle of Justice in Acquisition...........................................................................................................................29
The Principle of Justice in Transfer.................................................................................................................................29
The Rectification of Injustice in Holdings..................................................................................................................... 29
Pauline Kleingeld’s Critique on Kant....................................................................................................................................... 29
Tensions in Kant’s Philosophy..........................................................................................................................................................30
Positions on Kant’s Philosophy................................................................................................................................................30
1. Inconsistent Egalitarian............................................................................................................................................... 30
2. Consistent Egalitarian..................................................................................................................................................30
3. Third Position.............................................................................................................................................................. 30
C. Wright Mills...........................................................................................................................................................................30
The Rawlsian Social Contract and Its Limitations................................................................................................................. 30
Limitations of Ideal Theory..................................................................................................................................................... 30
1. Ideal Ideal..................................................................................................................................................................... 31
2. Rectificatory Ideal........................................................................................................................................................ 31
Jeremy Waldron.......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
What is Judicial Review?...................................................................................................................................................................31
Waldron (Against Judicial Review).................................................................................................................................................. 31
Process-Related Arguments.............................................................................................................................................................. 31
Arguments/Counter-Arguments............................................................................................................................................ 31
Outcome-Related Arguments.......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Arguments/Counter-Arguments............................................................................................................................................ 32
Non-Core Cases................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organisation..................................................................................................................... 32
IRAC Method................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Issue........................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Rule........................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Application............................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................33
Week 6: Citizenship............................................................................................................................................................................34
Klymlicka and Donaldson (Animal Citizenship)..................................................................................................................... 34
Domesticated Animals and Citizenship........................................................................................................................................... 34
Wild Animals and Sovereignty..........................................................................................................................................................34
Liminal Animals and Denizenship................................................................................................................................................... 34
Layers of Citizenship......................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Intersubjective Relations and Animal Rights..........................................................................................................................35
Communication with Animals................................................................................................................................................ 35
Counterarguments and Limitations.................................................................................................................................................35
De Schutter and Ypi (Mandatory Citizenship for Immigrants)............................................................................................. 35
Political Obligation, Migration, and Citizenship.............................................................................................................................35
Asymmetry in Citizenship................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Mandatory Citizenship and Democratic Equality...........................................................................................................................36
Arguments/Counter-Arguments..................................................................................................................................................... 36
