Sputum Bowl - A&P Anatomy and Physiology | 720 Actual Questions and Answers with complete Solutions | updated 2024

Sputum Bowl - A&P Anatomy and Physiology | 720 Actual Questions and Answers with complete Solutions | updated 2024 What are the three sections of the pharynx? Oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) What is the total cross-sectional area of the pulmonary precapillary arterioles? 400 cm2 Q: What phenomenon is responsible for ventilatory limitation that occurs when exercising to the level that the ventilation required is greater than the maximum sustained ventilatory capacity (MSVC)? A: Ventilatory muscle fatigue Q: What is transairway pressure? A: Mouth pressure - alveolar pressure Q: What is the term for the area where the trachea bifurcates into left and right mainstem bronchi? A: The carina Q: The trachea is supported by how many C-shaped cartilages? A: 16 to 20 Q: What are the three major layers of the tracheobronchial wall? A: Epithelial lining, laminar propria, cartilagenous layer Q: Resting CO2 output is about 240 ml/min. How high can it go in a moderately fit subject during exercise? A: About 3,000 ml/min Q: according to P & K, the adult normal respiratory rate ranges from 10-20 BPM and averages 16 BPM in men. What is the average respiratory rate for women? A: 18 Q: What is the meaning of the acronym COP? A: Colloid osmotic pressure Q: What is the meaning of the acronym SOD? (it's and enzyme) A: Superoxide dismutase Q: What usually happens to ventilation as a result of regional reduction or cessation of pulmonary blood flow? A: Decreased ventilation to the corresponding region Q: What enzyme acts on membrane-bound phospholipid to produce arachidonic acid? A: Phospholipase A2 Q: What minute ventilation increase would someone have to have to reduce his PCO2 from 40 torr to 8 torr? A: Five fold increase in VA Q: What percent of bradykinin is inactivated by passage through the lung? A: Up to 80% ( serotonin & norepinephrine are inactivated but not by enzymes - uptake and storage - then released during anaphylaxis) Q: What do you call direct vascular connections between bronchial and pulmonary arteries? A: Bronchopulmonary arterial anastomoses (as a consequence, the interruption of the bronchial circulation during lung transplantation can be compensated for by collateral route from the pulmonary arteries) Q: In a healthy adult, what maximal negative intrapleural pressure may be generated during forced inspiration against a closed glottis? A: -50 cmH2O (-36.8 mmHg) Q: What is the maximal peak flow that can be achieved through nasal breathing? A: 1.5 to 2 L/s Q: How much of the total 42 liters of body water is in the form of intracellular fluid and how much is in extracellular fluid? A: ICF = 2/3 or 28 L, ECF = 1/3 or 14 L Q: Describe what the term "recruitment of capillaries" does to overall pulmonary vascular resistance. A: It lowers PVR by involving more capillaries in circulation Q: What are the two reasons why the diffusing capacity of the lung increases during exercise? A: Increase in diffusing capacity of the membrane (known as DM), increase in volume of blood in the capillaries (known as VC); (1/DL = 1/DM + 1/VC) Q: Innervation of the diaphragm in the dog is where? A: 4th to 6th cervical nerves Q: Name three possible mechanisms that cause airways to constrict. A: Parasympathetic (cholinergic) stimulation, alpha-sympathetic stimulation, beta-receptor blockade Q: What controls Ca+ levels in serum? A: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D Q: Patients with increased PTH have what? Hypercalcemia Q: What is the anion gap? A: The difference between the commonly measured cations and anions Q: According to Farzan, where does the lower respiratory tract begin? A: At the carina Q: What is the most common stain used in the determination of the WBC differential? A: Wright's stain Q: What are the three chemical components that make up an ATP molecule? A: Adenine, Ribose, Phosphates (3) Q: The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal and oral cavities, the pharynx, and the larynx. What are the four important functions that the upper respiratory tract performs? A: Conducts respiratory gases, defense mechanism for the lungs, humidify inspired gases, heat exchange Q: What proportion of the total mechanical work for one breath is attributable to elastic forces in a normal individual? A: About 2/3 Q: A patient's ventilatory demand is primarily determined by what three factors? A: Metabolic rate (CO2 production), CNS drive, ventilatory deadspace Q: The pulmonary lymphatic system has been subdivided into two parts on the basis of location, the superficial plexus and the deep plexus. Where are each of the subdivisions located? A: Superficial plexus is in the visceral pleura, deep plexus is in the connective tissue surrounding the airways and blood vessels of the lung Q: What is the height and weight of normal lungs at end exhalation? A: 24 cm, 900-1000 g Q: What cartilages sit posteriorly atop the cricoid cartilage? A: Arytenoids Q: What is the half life of transferrin? A: 8-10 days (a carrier protein for iron - it is a more useful indicator of visceral protein stores than albumin in patients with liver disease; normal 200-400 mg/dL) Q: The epiglottis is attached anteriorly to the hyoid bone by what ligament? A: Hyoepiglottic ligament,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,