TEST BANK NESTER'S MICROBIOLOGY A Human Perspective 8TH EDITION DENISE G. ANDERSON, SARAH N. SALM, DEBORAH P. ALLEN

TEST BANK NESTER'S MICROBIOLOGY A Human Perspective 8TH EDITION DENISE G. ANDERSON, SARAH N. SALM, DEBORAH P. ALLENContents Chapter 01 Humans and the Microbial World............................................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 02 The Molecules of Life ........................................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 03 Microscopy and Cell Structure .............................................................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 04 Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth .......................................................................................................................................... 88 Chapter 05 Control of Microbial Growth ................................................................................................................................................ 113 Chapter 06 Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth ....................................................................................................................................... 138 Chapter 07 The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein ..........................................................................................................................167 Chapter 08 Bacterial Genetics .............................................................................................................................................................. 199 Chapter 09 Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA ............................................................................................................................... 226 Chapter 10 Identification and Classification of Prokaryotic Organisms ................................................................................................. 251 Chapter 11 The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms .............................................................................................................................. 275 Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World ................................................................................................................ 304 Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions ................................................................................................................................................. 332 Chapter 14 The Innate Immune Response ............................................................................................................................................ 393 Chapter 15 The Adaptive Immune Response ........................................................................................................................................ 423 Chapter 16 Host-Microbe Interactions .................................................................................................................................................. 456 Chapter 17 Immunologic Disorders ....................................................................................................................................................... 488 Chapter 18 Applications of Immune Responses .................................................................................................................................... 520 Chapter 19 Epidemiology ..................................................................................................................................................................... 547 Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Medications ................................................................................................................................................. 576 Chapter 21 Respiratory System Infections ............................................................................................................................................ 602 Chapter 22 Skin Infections .................................................................................................................................................................... 633 Chapter 23 Wound Infections ............................................................................................................................................................... 665 Chapter 24 Digestive System Infections ............................................................................................................................................... 690 Chapter 25 Blood and Lymphatic Tract Infections ................................................................................................................................. 718 Chapter 26 Nervous System Infections ................................................................................................................................................. 742 Chapter 27 Genitourinary Infections ..................................................................................................................................................... 768 Chapter 28 HIV Disease and Complications of Immunodeficiency ........................................................................................................ 798 Chapter 29 Microbial Ecology ............................................................................................................................................................... 820 Chapter 30 Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted .......................................................................... 836 1 | P a g eChapter 01 Humans and the Microbial World Multiple Choice Questions 1. The scientist usually considered the first to see microorganisms, which he called "animalcules", was A. Redi. B. van Leeuwenhoek. C. Pasteur. D. Tyndall. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: History of Microbiology 2. The word "animalcule" was coined by 2 | P a g eA. Pasteur. B. van Leeuwenhoek. C. Redi. D. Tyndall. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: History of Microbiology 3. The idea of spontaneous Generation postulated that A. organisms could evolve into the next generation of organisms. B. organisms could spontaneously combust. C. organisms could spontaneously arise from other living organisms. D. living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: History of Microbiology 4. Which of these scientist(s) was/were involved in, among other things, investigating the idea of spontaneous generation? A. Redi B. van Leeuwenhoek C. Pasteur D. Escherich E. Redi AND Pasteur Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: History of Microbiology 3 | P a g e5. The work of Tyndall and Cohn A. supported the idea of spontaneous generation. B. was used to explain why others investigating spontaneous generation had obtained results that were opposite of those obtained by Pasteur. C. showed that microbes caused disease. D. allowed scientists to see microorganisms. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: History of Microbiology 6. The structures present in the hay infusions used in experiments on spontaneous generation that made them difficult to sterilize are A. chlorophyll. B. toxins. C. organelles. D. endospores. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: History of Microbiology 7. The opposite results obtained by scientists apparently doing the same experiments in investigating spontaneous generation A. shows the importance of repeating experiments. B. shows the importance of exactly duplicating experimental conditions. C. led to further experiments that ultimately furthered knowledge. D. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: History of Microbiology 4 | P a g e8. If while investigating spontaneous generation, Pasteur had his laboratory located in a stable A. the results would, most likely, have supported the idea of spontaneous generation. B. the results would, most likely, have not supported the idea of spontaneous generation. C. this would have had no effect on his results. D. this would have shown his love of horses. Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: History of Microbiology 9. Cellulose is a major component of plants and is only directly digested by A. herbivores. B. carnivores. C. termites. D. microorganisms. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Environmental Microbiology 10. Plants are dependent on microorganisms for A. providing oxygen. B. providing water. C. changing atmospheric nitrogen to a usable form. D. providing carbohydrates. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Environmental Microbiology 5 | P a g e11. Microorganisms are involved in A. causing disease. B. curing/treating disease. C. preparing food. D. cleaning up pollutants. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.02 Topic: Applied and Industrial Microbiology 12. Bacteria have been used to help produce or modify food products A. for several thousand years. B. since the Middle Ages. C. since the late 1800s. D. since the 1950s. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.02 Topic: Applied and Industrial Microbiology 13. Microorganisms are involved in A. production of medicinal products. B. transforming atmospheric nitrogen to a form useful to plants. C. food production. D. pollution cleanup. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.02 6 | P a g eTopic: Applied and Industrial Microbiology 14. Bioremediation refers to A. rehabilitating wayward bacteria. B. using bacteria to clean up pollutants. C. vaccine development. D. monitoring newly discovered disease organisms. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.02 Topic: Applied and Industrial Microbiology 15. The Golden Age of Medical Microbiology A. occurred during the late 1800s to early 1900s. B. started in the 1990s with the advent of genetic engineering. C. is a time when the knowledge of and techniques to work with bacteria blossomed. D. was when people realized that diseases could be caused by invisible agents. E. occurred during the late 1800s to early 1900s, is a time when the knowledge of and techniques to work with bacteria blossomed AND was when people realized that diseases could be caused by invisible agents. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: History of Microbiology 16.16. Newly emerging or reemerging diseases A. may be due to changing lifestyles. B. are exemplified by Lyme disease and toxic shock syndrome. C. may reflect a breakdown in sanitation/social order. D. may be related to global cooling. 7 | P a g eE. may be due to changing lifestyles, are exemplified by Lyme disease and toxic shock syndrome, AND may reflect a breakdown in sanitation/social order. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: Infection and Disease 17.17. Lyme disease is an example of a disease A. that is due to a greater degree of interaction between humans and tick-carrying animals. B. that is due to a decline in vaccinations. C. that is due to a mutation in the human genome. D. that is due to climate change leading to a greater mosquito population. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: Infection and Disease 18. The outbreak of measles within the last few years was due to A. mutation of the virus. B. change in the environment. C. a decline in vaccination of children in the previous years. D. increase in sensitivity of detection techniques. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: Infection and Disease 19. Smallpox 8 | P a g eA. has been eliminated as a naturally occurring infection in human beings. B. still occasionally occurs in third world countries. C. probably only had a human reservoir. D. was dealt with by vaccination. E. has been eliminated as a naturally occurring infection in human beings, AND was dealt with by vaccination. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: History of Microbiology 20. Smallpox A. aided European domination of new world nations. B. has not occurred naturally anywhere in the world since 1977. C. has potential as a weapon of bioterrorism. D. has killed millions of people. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: History of Microbiology 21. Diseases such as ulcers and cardiovascular disease A. have been shown to be, or may be due to, a bacterial infection. B. are solely due to lifestyle. C. are solely due to genetics. D. are due to new mutations in bacteria. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: Infection and Disease 9 | P a g e22. Bacteria are useful to study because A. they produce protein in a similar manner to more complex organisms. B. they replicate DNA in a similar manner to more complex organisms. C. they produce energy in a similar manner to more complex organisms. D. they are grown quickly, easily, and cheaply. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.03 Topic: Tools and Methods of Culturing, Classifying, and Identify Microorganisms 23. Bacteria A. are not found on our bodies. B. are only found on small select parts of our bodies. C. provide protection to us from disease by covering our bodies, crowding out "bad" invading bacteria. D. always cause disease when growing on our bodies. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: History of Microbiology 24. Bacteria are present on the body A. only during disease-causing infections. B. constantly. C. only in certain restricted areas. D. never. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: Infection and Disease 10 | P a g e25. Bacteria are good models to use because they A. are large in size. B. share many biochemical/physiological properties with more complicated organisms. C. can be assembled into multicellular organisms. D. have complicated growth requirements. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.03 Topic: Microbial Growth and Nutrition 26.26. Which is usually true of bacteria? A. They are found as rods, spheres, or spirals. B. They reproduce by binary fission. C. They contain rigid cell walls made of peptidoglycan. D. They are found as single cells. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: Prokaryotes 27.27. Which is usually true of archaea? A. They are found as rods, spheres, or spirals. B. They reproduce by binary fission. C. They contain rigid cell walls. D. They are found as single cells. E. All of the choices are correct. 11 | P a g eBloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: Prokaryotes 28.28. Which is not usually true of archaea? A. They are found as rods, spheres, or spirals. B. They reproduce by binary fission. C. They contain rigid cell walls. D. They are found as single cells. E. They contain peptidoglycan as part of their cell walls. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: Prokaryotes 29.29. Some archaea are commonly found in A. meteors. B. boiling hot springs. C. the Great Salt Lake. D. your refrigerator. E. boiling hot springs AND the Great Salt Lake. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: Prokaryotes 12 | P a g e30.30. The cell types that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are found in the A. eukaryotes. B. prokaryotes. C. archaea. D. protista. E. prokaryotes AND archaea. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: Prokaryotes 31. The prokaryotic cell scheme is found in A. bacteria. B. archaea. C. eucarya. D. All of the choices are correct. E. bacteria AND archaea. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: 13 | P a g eProkaryotes 32. Eucarya A. consist of only multicellular organisms. B. have a more complex internal structure than archaea or bacteria. C. have a simpler internal structure than archaea or bacteria. D. have a membrane around the DNA. E. have a more complex internal structure than archaea or bacteria AND have a membrane around the DNA. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: Eukaryotes 33. Which group(s) below contain single-celled and multicellular organisms? A. Algae B. Fungi C. Protozoa D. All of the choices are correct. 14 | P a g eE. Algae AND Fungi Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.03 Topic: Eukaryotes 34. Organisms A. may be classified in four domains. B. may be classified in three domains. C. probably do not have a common ancestor. D. have never shared genes between domains. E. may be classified in three domains, probably do not have a common ancestor, AND have never shared genes between domains. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: Tools and Methods of Culturing, Classifying, and Identify Microorganisms 35. The system by which organisms are named is referred to as A. systematics. B. naming. C. nomenclature. D. cladistics. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.03 Topic: Tools and Methods of Culturing, Classifying, and Identify Microorganisms 15 | P a g e36. The scientific name of an organism includes its A. family and genus. B. first name and last name. C. genus and species. D. domain. E. genus and species AND domain. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.03 Topic: Tools and Methods of Culturing, Classifying, and Identify Microorganisms 37. Which is/are the correct form(s)? A. Staphylococcus aureus B. Staphylococcus aureus C. staphylococcus aureus D. S. aureus E. Staphylococcus aureus AND S. aureus Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.03 Topic: Tools and Methods of Culturing, Classifying, and Identify Microorganisms 38. Which of these may pertain to the term strain? A. E. coli 0157:H7 B. E. coli C. Minor variation of a species D. Major variation of a species E. E. coli 0157:H7 AND minor variation of a species 16 | P a g eBloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.03 Topic: Tools and Methods of Culturing, Classifying, and Identify Microorganisms 39. Viroids A. are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of RNA. B. are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of DNA. C. are known to cause neurodegenerative diseases in animals. D. are composed of protein encasing DNA. E. are known to cause neurodegenerative diseases in animals AND are composed of protein encasing DNA. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 40. Outside a cell, viruses are A. running a small number of biochemical reactions. B. synthesizing proteins necessary for entry into the host. C. inactive. D. constructing a cell membrane known as an envelope. E. running a small number of biochemical reactions AND synthesizing proteins necessary for entry into the host. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 41. Viruses may only be grown A. in sterile, cell-free chemical growth media. B. in living cells. C. at body temperature. 17 | P a g eD. in darkness. Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 42. Viruses are in the group A. viridaeae. B. eukarya. C. archaea. D. bacteria. E. None of the choices is correct. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 43. Viruses A. are obligate intracellular parasites. B. are single-celled organisms. 18 | P a g eC. consist of only proteins. D. are in the Domain Archaea. E. are obligate intracellular parasites AND are single-celled organisms. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 44. Viruses are often referred to as A. infectious agents. B. eubacteria. C. archaebacteria. D. cellular agents. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 45.45. Viruses, viroids, and prions all A. operate intracellularly. B. may be considered acellular agents of disease. C. contain DNA. D. infect only animals. E. operate intracellularly AND may be considered acellular agents of disease. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.09 19 | P a g eSection: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 46. Both viruses and viroids are A. capable of independent reproduction. B. obligate intracellular parasites. C. interdependent with one another for reproduction. D. larger than most bacteria in size. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 47. Prions A. are only composed of RNA. B. are only composed of DNA. C. are only composed of protein. D. cause diseases in plants. E. are only composed of RNA AND cause diseases in plants. Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 48. The smallest organism is probably determined by A. the number of molecules necessary for its growth and replication. B. the size of the molecules necessary for its growth and replication. C. its membrane. D. its volume. E. the number of molecules necessary for its growth and replication AND the size of the molecules necessary for its growth and replication. 20 | P a g eBloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 01.10 Section: 01.05 Topic: Tools and Methods of Culturing, Classifying, and Identify Microorganisms 49. A new organism was found that was unicellular and 1 cm long. The "large" size of this organism alone would A. mean that it could not be a bacterium. B. mean that it had to be a protista. C. mean little. D. mean that it had to be in the domain eukarya. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.10 Section: 01.05 Topic: Tools and Methods of Culturing, Classifying, and Identify Microorganisms 50. Although it is said that the twentieth century was the Age of Physics, it is predicted that the twenty-first century will be the age of A. chemistry. B. computers. C. microbial biodiversity. D. mathematics. Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.03 Topic: Microbial World True / False Questions 51. Spontaneous generation referred to the idea that organisms came from other organisms. FALSE 21 | P a g eBloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: History of Microbiology 52. The human body only contains bacteria during illness. FALSE Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: Infection and Disease 53.53. Bacteria and eukarya both contain membrane-bound organelles. FALSE Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: Eukaryotes 54. The scientific name of an organism indicates its domain. FALSE Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.03 22 | P a g eTopic: Tools and Methods of Culturing, Classifying, and Identify Microorganisms 55. Viroids are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of DNA that infect plants. FALSE Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 56.56. Viruses simultaneously contain DNA, RNA, and protein. FALSE Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 57. Viruses, viroids, and prions are obligate intracellular agents. TRUE Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 23 | P a g e58. Viruses and bacteria are both based on the unit of a cell. FALSE Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.09 Section: 01.04 Topic: Viruses 59. The size of an organism determines its domain. FALSE Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.10 Section: 01.05 Topic: Microbial World 60.60. Archaea are very similar to bacteria and have rigid cell walls made of peptidoglycan. FALSE Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.03 Topic: Prokaryotes 61.61. Thiomargarita namibiensis could not be a eukaryote because it is only 1 mm in width. FALSE 24 | P a g eBloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.10 Section: 01.05 Topic: Prokaryotes Multiple Choice Questions 62.62. HIV/AIDS can be categorized as a new or emerging infectious disease. By putting it into this category, we are effectively saying that A. this infection hasn't been observed in the human population prior to recent (approximately 50 years or sooner) outbreaks. B. this disease has been in susceptible populations for centuries, but has only recently achieved infection levels that became detectable. C. the infectious agent is still evolving and changing, unlike with older, more established diseases such as plague or polio. D. the disease has always been in susceptible populations and causing disease, but we lacked the technology to detect it. Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.02 Topic: Infection and Disease 63.63. An illness outbreak occurs in New York City birds in the late 1990s. After a lengthy scientific investigation, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) determine that the agent causing the birds to die is the West Nile virus. Outbreaks of this illness have been observed in several other countries in Asia and the Middle East across the last 50 years, but not in the United States. With this information, what would be the best categorization of this infectious agent/disease A. This is clearly a reemerging infection. It's been around for a long time, and it is reappearing in a susceptible 25 | P a g epopulation again.