Naam
Esmée van het Hof
Studentnummer
S1061064
Collegejaar
MERKENRECHT
2022-2023
DocentenHoor- en werkcolleges
Mr. F.G.M.M. Alsters
Mr. R. Leuyerink
Prof. A.A. Quaedvlieg
Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
HOORCOLLEGE 1: INLEIDING (FUNCTIES, INSCHRIJVINGSPROCEDURE EN RELATIEVE WEIGERINGSGRONDEN). 8
RATIO BEPERKINGEN MEDEDINGING............................................................................................................................8
PRAKTIJKVOORBEELD.........................................................................................................................................8
FUNCTIES VAN HET MERK.........................................................................................................................................8
RATIO VAN BESCHERMING........................................................................................................................................9
REGELGEVING.........................................................................................................................................................9
MERK: FORMELE VEREISTEN....................................................................................................................................10
Inschrijvingsprocedure Benelux......................................................................................................................10
Relatieve gronden (eis van beschikbaarheid)................................................................................................11
Intermezzo................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Vraag......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
MERK: MATERIËLE VEREISTEN..................................................................................................................................12
Soort teken.....................................................................................................................................................12
Onderscheidend vermogen............................................................................................................................13
Weergave in het merkenregister...................................................................................................................14
Geur........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Tegenstrijdigheden in beschrijving en afbeelding......................................................................................................14
ANDERE SOORTEN MERKEN.....................................................................................................................................15
HOORCOLLEGE 2: REGISTREERBAARHEID - ABSOLUTE WEIGERINGSGRONDEN..............................................16
INSCHRIJVINGSPROCEDURE BENELUX.........................................................................................................................16
ABSOLUTE GRONDEN (ART. 2.2BIS BVIE)..................................................................................................................16
Art. 2.2bis BVIE: Absolute gronden voor weigering of nietigheid..................................................................17
AT. 2.2BIS LID 1 SUB B-D BVIE...............................................................................................................................17
Relevante factoren.........................................................................................................................................17
Publiek............................................................................................................................................................18
Wijze van gebruik...........................................................................................................................................18
Voorbeelden.............................................................................................................................................................. 18
Slogans...........................................................................................................................................................19
Kleuren...........................................................................................................................................................19
Vormen...........................................................................................................................................................19
Voorbeelden: significante afwijking van de normvorm.............................................................................................20
2-D Afbeelding van 3-D vorm.........................................................................................................................20
Patroonmerken..............................................................................................................................................20
Positiemerken.................................................................................................................................................20
Kwalificatie van het teken in de aanvraag.....................................................................................................21
BESCHRIJVENDE AANDUIDINGEN (SUB C)....................................................................................................................21
Geografische herkomstaanduiding................................................................................................................21
Woorden/woordcombinaties.........................................................................................................................21
Benelux weigeringsrichtlijnen (sub c).............................................................................................................22
EUIPO Guidelines (sub c)................................................................................................................................23
Systematiek voor beantwoorden casus onderscheidend vermogen (sub b en c):.........................................23
GEBRUIKELIJKE AANDUIDINGEN (SUB D).....................................................................................................................24
ONDERSCHEIDEND VERMOGEN................................................................................................................................24
OVERIGE ABSOLUTE GRONDEN (ART. 2.2BIS LID 1 BVIE)..............................................................................................24
HOORCOLLEGE 3: INBURGERING EN HANDELSNAMEN..................................................................................25
INBURGERING......................................................................................................................................................25
Rechtsgevolgen..............................................................................................................................................25
Inburgering.....................................................................................................................................................26
HvJ 4 mei 1999, windsurfing Chiemsee.................................................................................................................26
2
, Toetsing..........................................................................................................................................................26
Gebruik van het merk.....................................................................................................................................26
Territoir..........................................................................................................................................................27
EU merk..................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Beneluxmerk............................................................................................................................................................. 27
Tijdstip............................................................................................................................................................28
HANDELSNAMEN.................................................................................................................................................. 28
Handelsnaamrecht.........................................................................................................................................28
Declaratief stelsel...........................................................................................................................................29
Doel en bescherming......................................................................................................................................29
Artikel 5 Hnw..................................................................................................................................................30
HR 11 december 2015 (Artiestenverloning)..........................................................................................................30
Hof Den Haag 19 september 2017 (Parfumwinkel)...............................................................................................30
HR 19 februari 2021 (Dairy Partners)....................................................................................................................30
Conclusies.................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Conflicten merkenrecht..................................................................................................................................32
HOORCOLLEGE 4: NIET-TRADITIONELE MERKEN........................................................................................... 33
VORMMERKEN.....................................................................................................................................................33
De regel in de wet..........................................................................................................................................33
Schema...........................................................................................................................................................34
Lijst van rechtspraak over onderscheidend vermogen...................................................................................34
Lijst van rechtspraak over absolute uitsluitingen..........................................................................................34
I: ONDERSCHEIDEND VERMOGEN.............................................................................................................................35
Unierechtspraak.............................................................................................................................................35
A: De perceptie-leer..................................................................................................................................................35
Philips/Remington 18 juni 2002............................................................................................................................35
Libertel 9 januari 2003 (kleurmerk)......................................................................................................................35
HvJEG 8 april 2003, C-53/01-C-55/01, Linde – Winward – Rado...........................................................................35
B: De eis van een significante afwijking.....................................................................................................................35
HvJEU 12 februari 2004, C-218/01, Henkelfles.....................................................................................................35
HvJEG 7 oktober 2004, C/136-02 P, Mag Instrument............................................................................................35
C: Inburgering door gebruik.......................................................................................................................................36
HvJEG 22 juni 2006, C-25/05, August Storck Werther’s original (Goudvlinderwikkel)..........................................36
HvJEG 24 mei 2012, C-98/11 P, Chocoladenfabriken Lindt & Sprüngli/BHIM.......................................................36
D: Varia...................................................................................................................................................................... 36
HvJEG 6 Juni 2005, C-286/04 P, Corona Bierfles...................................................................................................36
HvJEU 10 juli 2014, C-421/13, Apple vs. DPA........................................................................................................36
HvJEU 13 September 2018, C-26/17 P, Birkenstock..............................................................................................36
HvJ EU 8 oktober 1920, C-456/19, Aktiebolaget Östgötatrafiken v. Patent och Registreringsverk (PRV)..............37
II: ABSOLUTE UITSLUITINGEN...................................................................................................................................37
Absolute gronden voor weigering of nietigheid.............................................................................................37
E: Preliminair. Eis van teken en definitie van vorm....................................................................................................38
HvJEG 25 januari 2007, C-321/03 Dyson Dual cyclone stofzuiger.........................................................................38
HvJEU 12 juni 2018, C-163/16, Louboutin/Van Haren (rode zool-merk)...............................................................38
F: Vormen die noodzakelijk zijn voor een technische uitkomst.................................................................................38
HvJEU 14 september 2010, C-48/09 P, Lego Juris/OHIM en Mega Brands............................................................40
HvJEU 6 maart 2014, C-337/12 P en C-340/12 P (Pi-design / Yoshida).................................................................41
HR 28 juni 2019, NJ 2019/332, noot Ch. Gielen (Capri Sun Stazakje)...................................................................41
G: De vorm bepaald door de aard van de waren.......................................................................................................41
Hof Amsterdam 5 februari 2019 ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2019:262, Hauck/Stokke.........................................................42
F: De vorm die aan de waar een wezenlijke waarde geeft.........................................................................................42
HvJEG 20 september 2007, C-371/06, G-Star/Benetton.......................................................................................42
HvJEU 18 september 2014, C-205/13, Hauck/Stokke............................................................................................43
HvJEU 10 november 2016 Simba Toys..................................................................................................................43
Gömböc................................................................................................................................................................ 44
3
, HOORCOLLEGE 5: INBREUK I......................................................................................................................... 46
INTRODUCTIE....................................................................................................................................................... 46
INBREUK..............................................................................................................................................................46
Art. 2.20 lid 2 BVIE..........................................................................................................................................46
Ander gebruik............................................................................................................................................................ 47
Sub a: Dubbel-identieke inbreuk....................................................................................................................47
Vereisten................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Identieke tekens........................................................................................................................................................ 48
HvJ 20 maart 2003, C-291/00, Arthur et Félicie....................................................................................................48
Functieleer................................................................................................................................................................. 48
HvJ 12 november 2002, C-206/01, Arsenal/Reed.................................................................................................48
HvJ 23 maart 2010, C-236/08, Google France.......................................................................................................48
HvJ 18 juni 2009, L’Oréal/Bellure..........................................................................................................................49
Sub b: Verwarringsinbreuk/Gelijke of overeenstemmende waren................................................................49
Vereisten................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Soortgelijkheid........................................................................................................................................................... 49
Verwarringsgevaar....................................................................................................................................................49
Verwarringsinbreuk...................................................................................................................................................50
HvJ 4 maart 2020, C-328/18P, Equivalenza...........................................................................................................50
Overeenstemmende tekens......................................................................................................................................50
HvJ 12 januari 2006, C-361/04 P, Picasso/Picaro..................................................................................................50
HvJ 4 maart 2020, C-328/18P, Equivalenza...........................................................................................................50
HvJ 22 juni 1999, C-342/97, Lloyd/Loint’s.............................................................................................................50
HvJ 29 september 1998, C-39/97, Canon/Cannon................................................................................................51
HOORCOLLEGE 6: INBREUK II........................................................................................................................ 52
INBREUK VERVOLG................................................................................................................................................ 52
Sub c: Bekend merk........................................................................................................................................52
Vereisten................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Bekendheid merk......................................................................................................................................................52
HvJ Chevy.............................................................................................................................................................. 53
Verband tussen merk en teken..................................................................................................................................53
Gevaar voor schade...................................................................................................................................................53
HvJ L’Oréal/Bellure...............................................................................................................................................54
Sub d:..............................................................................................................................................................55
Vereisten................................................................................................................................................................... 55
GELDIGE REDEN....................................................................................................................................................55
HR Leidse plein/Red Bull.......................................................................................................................................56
HvJ Leidse plein/Red Bull......................................................................................................................................56
HOORCOLLEGE 7: NIETIGHEID EN VERVAL.................................................................................................... 57
NIETIGHEID EN VERVAL.......................................................................................................................................... 57
Verschillen......................................................................................................................................................57
Nietigheid.................................................................................................................................................................. 57
Verval........................................................................................................................................................................ 57
Overeenkomsten............................................................................................................................................58
Inroepen.........................................................................................................................................................58
Ontvankelijkheid............................................................................................................................................58
Nietigheid.................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Rechtsverwerking...........................................................................................................................................58
NIETIGHEID..........................................................................................................................................................59
Absolute nietigheidsgronden.........................................................................................................................59
Relatieve gronden..........................................................................................................................................59
Aanvraag te kwader trouw............................................................................................................................59
HvJ 11 juni 2009, Lindt (Goldhase)........................................................................................................................59
Andere situaties van kwade trouw.................................................................................................................59
4
Esmée van het Hof
Studentnummer
S1061064
Collegejaar
MERKENRECHT
2022-2023
DocentenHoor- en werkcolleges
Mr. F.G.M.M. Alsters
Mr. R. Leuyerink
Prof. A.A. Quaedvlieg
Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
HOORCOLLEGE 1: INLEIDING (FUNCTIES, INSCHRIJVINGSPROCEDURE EN RELATIEVE WEIGERINGSGRONDEN). 8
RATIO BEPERKINGEN MEDEDINGING............................................................................................................................8
PRAKTIJKVOORBEELD.........................................................................................................................................8
FUNCTIES VAN HET MERK.........................................................................................................................................8
RATIO VAN BESCHERMING........................................................................................................................................9
REGELGEVING.........................................................................................................................................................9
MERK: FORMELE VEREISTEN....................................................................................................................................10
Inschrijvingsprocedure Benelux......................................................................................................................10
Relatieve gronden (eis van beschikbaarheid)................................................................................................11
Intermezzo................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Vraag......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
MERK: MATERIËLE VEREISTEN..................................................................................................................................12
Soort teken.....................................................................................................................................................12
Onderscheidend vermogen............................................................................................................................13
Weergave in het merkenregister...................................................................................................................14
Geur........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Tegenstrijdigheden in beschrijving en afbeelding......................................................................................................14
ANDERE SOORTEN MERKEN.....................................................................................................................................15
HOORCOLLEGE 2: REGISTREERBAARHEID - ABSOLUTE WEIGERINGSGRONDEN..............................................16
INSCHRIJVINGSPROCEDURE BENELUX.........................................................................................................................16
ABSOLUTE GRONDEN (ART. 2.2BIS BVIE)..................................................................................................................16
Art. 2.2bis BVIE: Absolute gronden voor weigering of nietigheid..................................................................17
AT. 2.2BIS LID 1 SUB B-D BVIE...............................................................................................................................17
Relevante factoren.........................................................................................................................................17
Publiek............................................................................................................................................................18
Wijze van gebruik...........................................................................................................................................18
Voorbeelden.............................................................................................................................................................. 18
Slogans...........................................................................................................................................................19
Kleuren...........................................................................................................................................................19
Vormen...........................................................................................................................................................19
Voorbeelden: significante afwijking van de normvorm.............................................................................................20
2-D Afbeelding van 3-D vorm.........................................................................................................................20
Patroonmerken..............................................................................................................................................20
Positiemerken.................................................................................................................................................20
Kwalificatie van het teken in de aanvraag.....................................................................................................21
BESCHRIJVENDE AANDUIDINGEN (SUB C)....................................................................................................................21
Geografische herkomstaanduiding................................................................................................................21
Woorden/woordcombinaties.........................................................................................................................21
Benelux weigeringsrichtlijnen (sub c).............................................................................................................22
EUIPO Guidelines (sub c)................................................................................................................................23
Systematiek voor beantwoorden casus onderscheidend vermogen (sub b en c):.........................................23
GEBRUIKELIJKE AANDUIDINGEN (SUB D).....................................................................................................................24
ONDERSCHEIDEND VERMOGEN................................................................................................................................24
OVERIGE ABSOLUTE GRONDEN (ART. 2.2BIS LID 1 BVIE)..............................................................................................24
HOORCOLLEGE 3: INBURGERING EN HANDELSNAMEN..................................................................................25
INBURGERING......................................................................................................................................................25
Rechtsgevolgen..............................................................................................................................................25
Inburgering.....................................................................................................................................................26
HvJ 4 mei 1999, windsurfing Chiemsee.................................................................................................................26
2
, Toetsing..........................................................................................................................................................26
Gebruik van het merk.....................................................................................................................................26
Territoir..........................................................................................................................................................27
EU merk..................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Beneluxmerk............................................................................................................................................................. 27
Tijdstip............................................................................................................................................................28
HANDELSNAMEN.................................................................................................................................................. 28
Handelsnaamrecht.........................................................................................................................................28
Declaratief stelsel...........................................................................................................................................29
Doel en bescherming......................................................................................................................................29
Artikel 5 Hnw..................................................................................................................................................30
HR 11 december 2015 (Artiestenverloning)..........................................................................................................30
Hof Den Haag 19 september 2017 (Parfumwinkel)...............................................................................................30
HR 19 februari 2021 (Dairy Partners)....................................................................................................................30
Conclusies.................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Conflicten merkenrecht..................................................................................................................................32
HOORCOLLEGE 4: NIET-TRADITIONELE MERKEN........................................................................................... 33
VORMMERKEN.....................................................................................................................................................33
De regel in de wet..........................................................................................................................................33
Schema...........................................................................................................................................................34
Lijst van rechtspraak over onderscheidend vermogen...................................................................................34
Lijst van rechtspraak over absolute uitsluitingen..........................................................................................34
I: ONDERSCHEIDEND VERMOGEN.............................................................................................................................35
Unierechtspraak.............................................................................................................................................35
A: De perceptie-leer..................................................................................................................................................35
Philips/Remington 18 juni 2002............................................................................................................................35
Libertel 9 januari 2003 (kleurmerk)......................................................................................................................35
HvJEG 8 april 2003, C-53/01-C-55/01, Linde – Winward – Rado...........................................................................35
B: De eis van een significante afwijking.....................................................................................................................35
HvJEU 12 februari 2004, C-218/01, Henkelfles.....................................................................................................35
HvJEG 7 oktober 2004, C/136-02 P, Mag Instrument............................................................................................35
C: Inburgering door gebruik.......................................................................................................................................36
HvJEG 22 juni 2006, C-25/05, August Storck Werther’s original (Goudvlinderwikkel)..........................................36
HvJEG 24 mei 2012, C-98/11 P, Chocoladenfabriken Lindt & Sprüngli/BHIM.......................................................36
D: Varia...................................................................................................................................................................... 36
HvJEG 6 Juni 2005, C-286/04 P, Corona Bierfles...................................................................................................36
HvJEU 10 juli 2014, C-421/13, Apple vs. DPA........................................................................................................36
HvJEU 13 September 2018, C-26/17 P, Birkenstock..............................................................................................36
HvJ EU 8 oktober 1920, C-456/19, Aktiebolaget Östgötatrafiken v. Patent och Registreringsverk (PRV)..............37
II: ABSOLUTE UITSLUITINGEN...................................................................................................................................37
Absolute gronden voor weigering of nietigheid.............................................................................................37
E: Preliminair. Eis van teken en definitie van vorm....................................................................................................38
HvJEG 25 januari 2007, C-321/03 Dyson Dual cyclone stofzuiger.........................................................................38
HvJEU 12 juni 2018, C-163/16, Louboutin/Van Haren (rode zool-merk)...............................................................38
F: Vormen die noodzakelijk zijn voor een technische uitkomst.................................................................................38
HvJEU 14 september 2010, C-48/09 P, Lego Juris/OHIM en Mega Brands............................................................40
HvJEU 6 maart 2014, C-337/12 P en C-340/12 P (Pi-design / Yoshida).................................................................41
HR 28 juni 2019, NJ 2019/332, noot Ch. Gielen (Capri Sun Stazakje)...................................................................41
G: De vorm bepaald door de aard van de waren.......................................................................................................41
Hof Amsterdam 5 februari 2019 ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2019:262, Hauck/Stokke.........................................................42
F: De vorm die aan de waar een wezenlijke waarde geeft.........................................................................................42
HvJEG 20 september 2007, C-371/06, G-Star/Benetton.......................................................................................42
HvJEU 18 september 2014, C-205/13, Hauck/Stokke............................................................................................43
HvJEU 10 november 2016 Simba Toys..................................................................................................................43
Gömböc................................................................................................................................................................ 44
3
, HOORCOLLEGE 5: INBREUK I......................................................................................................................... 46
INTRODUCTIE....................................................................................................................................................... 46
INBREUK..............................................................................................................................................................46
Art. 2.20 lid 2 BVIE..........................................................................................................................................46
Ander gebruik............................................................................................................................................................ 47
Sub a: Dubbel-identieke inbreuk....................................................................................................................47
Vereisten................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Identieke tekens........................................................................................................................................................ 48
HvJ 20 maart 2003, C-291/00, Arthur et Félicie....................................................................................................48
Functieleer................................................................................................................................................................. 48
HvJ 12 november 2002, C-206/01, Arsenal/Reed.................................................................................................48
HvJ 23 maart 2010, C-236/08, Google France.......................................................................................................48
HvJ 18 juni 2009, L’Oréal/Bellure..........................................................................................................................49
Sub b: Verwarringsinbreuk/Gelijke of overeenstemmende waren................................................................49
Vereisten................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Soortgelijkheid........................................................................................................................................................... 49
Verwarringsgevaar....................................................................................................................................................49
Verwarringsinbreuk...................................................................................................................................................50
HvJ 4 maart 2020, C-328/18P, Equivalenza...........................................................................................................50
Overeenstemmende tekens......................................................................................................................................50
HvJ 12 januari 2006, C-361/04 P, Picasso/Picaro..................................................................................................50
HvJ 4 maart 2020, C-328/18P, Equivalenza...........................................................................................................50
HvJ 22 juni 1999, C-342/97, Lloyd/Loint’s.............................................................................................................50
HvJ 29 september 1998, C-39/97, Canon/Cannon................................................................................................51
HOORCOLLEGE 6: INBREUK II........................................................................................................................ 52
INBREUK VERVOLG................................................................................................................................................ 52
Sub c: Bekend merk........................................................................................................................................52
Vereisten................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Bekendheid merk......................................................................................................................................................52
HvJ Chevy.............................................................................................................................................................. 53
Verband tussen merk en teken..................................................................................................................................53
Gevaar voor schade...................................................................................................................................................53
HvJ L’Oréal/Bellure...............................................................................................................................................54
Sub d:..............................................................................................................................................................55
Vereisten................................................................................................................................................................... 55
GELDIGE REDEN....................................................................................................................................................55
HR Leidse plein/Red Bull.......................................................................................................................................56
HvJ Leidse plein/Red Bull......................................................................................................................................56
HOORCOLLEGE 7: NIETIGHEID EN VERVAL.................................................................................................... 57
NIETIGHEID EN VERVAL.......................................................................................................................................... 57
Verschillen......................................................................................................................................................57
Nietigheid.................................................................................................................................................................. 57
Verval........................................................................................................................................................................ 57
Overeenkomsten............................................................................................................................................58
Inroepen.........................................................................................................................................................58
Ontvankelijkheid............................................................................................................................................58
Nietigheid.................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Rechtsverwerking...........................................................................................................................................58
NIETIGHEID..........................................................................................................................................................59
Absolute nietigheidsgronden.........................................................................................................................59
Relatieve gronden..........................................................................................................................................59
Aanvraag te kwader trouw............................................................................................................................59
HvJ 11 juni 2009, Lindt (Goldhase)........................................................................................................................59
Andere situaties van kwade trouw.................................................................................................................59
4
