TEST BANK FOR FOUNDATIONS FOR POPULATION HEALTH IN COMMUNITY/PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING 6TH EDITION BY STANHOPE

Which statement best describes community-based nursing? a. A practice in which care is provided for individuals and families. b. Providing care with a focus on the group’s needs. c. Giving care with a focus on the aggregate’s needs. d. A value system in which all clients receive optimal care

Antwoord: A

Which statement best describes the goal of community-oriented nursing? a. Providing care to individuals and families b. Providing care to manage acute or chronic conditions c. Giving direct care to ill individuals within their family setting d. To preserve, protect, promote, or maintain health and prevent disease

Antwoord: D

Which of the following is responsible for the dramatic increase in life expectancy during the 20th century? a. Technology increases in the field of medical laboratory research b. Advances in surgical techniques and procedures c. Sanitation and other population-based prevention programs d. Use of antibiotics to fight infections

Antwoord: C

Which of the following is the primary focus of public health nursing? a. Families and groups b. Illness-oriented care c. Individuals within the family unit d. Health care of communities and populations

Antwoord: D

A nurse is developing a plan to decrease the number of premature deaths in the community. Which of the following interventions would most likely be implemented by the nurse? a. Provide free health care to all citizens b. To increase the number of individuals with access to effective health care benefits c. Lower the cost of health care to the American population d. To lessen the governmental burden of providing health care to Americans

Antwoord: B

1. A nurse is considering applying for a position as a public health nurse. Which of the following would be a reason this position would be appealing? a. Its autonomy and independence b. Its focus on acute care and immediately visible outcomes c. Its collaboration with other health care professionals d. Its flexibility and higher wages

Antwoord: ANS: A- Public health nursing is known for its autonomy and independence. In many instances, there are limited other health care professionals and staff with whom to interact. In-patient acute care nurses focus on acute care with outcomes known fairly quickly. Acute care nurses collaborate frequently with other health care professionals. Depending on the position there may be more flexibility, but typically public health nurses do not receive higher wages.

2. The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 is similar to which current law? a. Welfare b. Food stamps c. Medicaid d. Medicare

Antwoord: ANS: C - The Elizabethan Poor Law guaranteed medical care for poor, blind, and “lame” individuals. This minimal care was generally provided in almshouses supported by local government similar to Medicaid assistance. Welfare and food stamps do not provide for medical care. Medicare provides medical care to primarily the elderly population

How did the Industrial Revolution result in previous caregiving approaches, such as care by families, friends, and neighbors, becoming inadequate? a. Economic and political wars resulted in frequent death and injuries. b. Incredible plagues consistently and constantly swept the European continent. c. Migration and urbanization resulted in increased demand for care. d. Caregivers could easily find other employment, so they demanded to be paid.

Antwoord: ANS: C - Care became inadequate because of the social changes in Europe, with great advances in transportation, communication, and other technologies. The increased mobility led to migration and urbanization, which in turn led to increased need for care. The Industrial Revolution was a time of great advances in technology, transportation, and communication, not a time of economic and political unrest or a time where incredible plagues occurred in Europe. Caregivers during this time period were typically poorly educated and untrained, so there was not an issue related to wages or employment.

A colonist is working in the public health sector in early colonial America. Which of the following activities would have likely been completed? a. Establishing schools of nursing b. Developing vaccines to administer to large numbers of people c. Collecting vital statistics and improving sanitation d. Developing public housing and almshouses

Antwoord: ANS: C - Collecting vital statistics and improving sanitation are examples of activities from the early colonial America. Establishing schools of nursing, developing vaccines to administer to large numbers of people, and developing public housing and almshouses all happened after the colonial period.

Why did American citizens become interested in establishing government-sponsored boards of health? a. They were afraid of infectious diseases such as yellow fever. b. The government could force the poverty-stricken to accept care. c. Such boards could tax and thereby ensure adequate funds to pay for care. d. Such a system would allow for accurate records of births and deaths.

Antwoord: ANS: A - Threat of disease, especially yellow fever, led to public interest in establishing government-sponsored, or official, boards of health. The threat of disease was the impetus for creation of the boards of establishing boards of health. The primary interest of the boards of health was to provide public health services for the entire population and not only those who were poverty-stricken. The primary purpose of the boards of health was not to collect accurate vital statistics or receive tax dollars rather its purpose was to ensure the health of the population.

1. A public health agency is planning to implement the electronic health record. (Which is a benefit of this choice? a. Facilitation of interprofessional care b. Improved client compliance with medical regimens c. Cost savings to the agency d. Compliance with JCAHO standards

Antwoord: ANS: A - The electronic medical record facilitates interprofessional care in chronic disease management and coordination of referrals; 24-hour availability of records with downloaded laboratory results and up-to-date assessments; incorporation of protocol reminders for prevention, screening, and management of chronic disease; improvement of quality measurement and monitoring; increased client safety; and decline in medication errors. There is no evidence that an electronic health record improves client compliance with medical regimens. Electronic health records can increase costs to an agency. JCAHO does not accredit public health agencies.

2. Which statement best describes the cost of health care in the United States? a. Health care costs are kept low, and the indicators of health are among the best worldwide. b. Health care costs are low which has resulted in poor health outcomes. c. Health care costs are the highest in the world, but the indicators of health are not the best worldwide. d. Health care costs and indicators of health are the highest in the world.

Antwoord: ANS: C - Health care costs in the United States are the highest in the world and comprise the greatest percentage of the gross domestic product, the indicators of what constitutes good health do not document that Americans are really getting their money’s worth. Health care costs are not low in comparison to the rest of the world. The health outcomes in the United States are poor in comparison to other countries who spend less money on health care.

3. A nurse is explaining the health care system in the United States to a group of health care providers visiting from South America. How would the nurse best describe the current health care system? a. “It is a logical, rational approach to meeting expressed needs while still trying to control costs.” b. “It is a centralized system that provides care in hospitals.” c. “It is divided primarily into two components: private health care and public health care.” d. “It is the best in the world with outstanding research and high-technology care available to all.”

Antwoord: ANS: C - Health care in the United States consists of a private or personal care system and a public health system, with overlap between the two. The United States health care system is one of the most expensive systems in the world that does not do a good job at controlling costs. Care is provided through an enormous range of facilities and providers, including hospitals, physicians’ and dentists’ offices, nursing homes, mental health facilities, ambulatory care centers, and freestanding clinics. Although there is great research and high-technology care in the United States, the health care outcomes of the country do not reflect this. Health care disparities exist among multiple populations making this system not available to all.

4. Which statement best describes ideal primary health care? a. Based on a multidisciplinary group of health care providers that work as a team b. Essential care available to all community members, which encourages self-management c. Focused on health promotion and disease prevention for everyone enrolled in the health center d. Local efforts to meet the Declaration of Alma Ata principles

Antwoord: ANS: B - Primary health care is generally defined as essential care made universally accessible to individuals, families, and the community. Health care is made available to them with their full participation and is provided at a cost that the community and country can afford. Public health is described as organized and multidisciplinary efforts aimed at preventing disease and promoting health, not primary care. Primary care provides for the integration of health promotion, disease prevention, with curative and rehabilitative services. The Declaration of Alma Ata was aimed at a world-wide, not local goal, to attain a level of health that permitted all citizens of the world to live socially and economically productive lives

5. How does managed care (MC) attempt to control costs of care? a. By encouraging families to use the point of service list of individual practice associates b. By requiring families to choose a care provider from the MC network and not allowing access to other services without their provider’s permission c. By moving Medicaid-eligible families onto state Medicare enrollment d. By refusing permission for families to use urgent care or emergency department services

Antwoord: ANS: B - Managed care is a system in which care is delivered by a specific network of providers. Each provider serves as a gatekeeper who controls access to other providers and services. Cost is reduced because members cannot use specialists or seek hospital or other care without permission from their primary-care providers. Thus, those enrolled in Medicaid managed care have restrictions that help keep costs down for government (and for taxpayers). Managed care provides care through a specific network of providers who agree to comply with the care approaches established through a case management approach, not through a point of service list of individual practice associates. Medicaid and Medicare programs are not interchangeable, these programs serve different populations. Managed care does not refuse permission for certain services such as urgent care or emergency department, rather a case management approach is used to control costs.