Xymphony
Cursusjaar 2020-2021
NOTES: 1.4C - THE
HUMAN BODY
Includes lecture notes, literature notes, pictures, and videos
of the material in course 1.4
,The notes in this document may be too detailed. If you feel like you have not discussed this
during class don’t feel obligated to read about it if it was mentioned in this summary.
Goodluck studying
Lecture notes
General video:
Ventricles of the brain and CSF (preview) - Human Neuroanatomy | Kenhub
Kenhub - Learn Human Anatomy
Ventricle: hole or cavity filled with fluid.
In the brain there are 4 ventricles. These are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CFS).
Four ventricles:
• Two lateral:
o Left lateral ventricle
o Right lateral ventricle
• Third: Near the centre of the brain
• Fourth: Deep to the cerebellum
Lecture 1 slides:
Two systems of communication:
o Endocrine system (hormonal system)
o Nervous system
,Peripheral vs Central:
• Anatomical distinction
• Both are made out of glial cells and neurons
Autonomic vs Somatic:
• Autonomic: regulates the body's internal environment
• Somatic: regulates interaction with external environment
Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic:
• Parasympathetic: psychological relaxation, conserves energy
• Sympathetic: psychological arousal, mobilizes energy
Neuron: cell in the nervous system that is specialized in receiving information and passing it on to
other cells (neurons, gland cells, muscle cells)
3 types of neurons:
• Sensory neurons: from senses to brain
• Motor neurons: from brain to muscles
• Interneurons: send messages between neurons
Afferent neurons: bring information into a structure
, Efferent neurons: send information away from a structure
Brain anatomy
Early development of the brain:
mammalian Prenatal brain development
CyberDemon
Lecture 2 slides:
Part 1: Action potentials:
• Function of NS is communication
• Neurons are 'building blocks'
• Information has to travel fast
--> by means of electricity and chemicals
Within neurons:
o Via electrical pulses (action potential)
Between neurons:
o Via neurotransmitters
Action potential:
• Electrical impulse:
movement of ions (small particles that have an electrical charge) across the cell membrane of the axon
of a neuron
Membrane potential:
• Difference electrical charge between inside and outside of the cell
o Caused by unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane.
• Sodium ions (Na+; natrium)
• Potassium ions (K+; kalium)
Ions cannot easily cross the cell membrane >> shield
Membrane potential during rest:
• Resting potential
• More Na+ outside the neuron
• More K+ inside the neurons
• More positively charged neurons outside because there are more sodium channels outside than
potassium ions inside
Cursusjaar 2020-2021
NOTES: 1.4C - THE
HUMAN BODY
Includes lecture notes, literature notes, pictures, and videos
of the material in course 1.4
,The notes in this document may be too detailed. If you feel like you have not discussed this
during class don’t feel obligated to read about it if it was mentioned in this summary.
Goodluck studying
Lecture notes
General video:
Ventricles of the brain and CSF (preview) - Human Neuroanatomy | Kenhub
Kenhub - Learn Human Anatomy
Ventricle: hole or cavity filled with fluid.
In the brain there are 4 ventricles. These are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CFS).
Four ventricles:
• Two lateral:
o Left lateral ventricle
o Right lateral ventricle
• Third: Near the centre of the brain
• Fourth: Deep to the cerebellum
Lecture 1 slides:
Two systems of communication:
o Endocrine system (hormonal system)
o Nervous system
,Peripheral vs Central:
• Anatomical distinction
• Both are made out of glial cells and neurons
Autonomic vs Somatic:
• Autonomic: regulates the body's internal environment
• Somatic: regulates interaction with external environment
Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic:
• Parasympathetic: psychological relaxation, conserves energy
• Sympathetic: psychological arousal, mobilizes energy
Neuron: cell in the nervous system that is specialized in receiving information and passing it on to
other cells (neurons, gland cells, muscle cells)
3 types of neurons:
• Sensory neurons: from senses to brain
• Motor neurons: from brain to muscles
• Interneurons: send messages between neurons
Afferent neurons: bring information into a structure
, Efferent neurons: send information away from a structure
Brain anatomy
Early development of the brain:
mammalian Prenatal brain development
CyberDemon
Lecture 2 slides:
Part 1: Action potentials:
• Function of NS is communication
• Neurons are 'building blocks'
• Information has to travel fast
--> by means of electricity and chemicals
Within neurons:
o Via electrical pulses (action potential)
Between neurons:
o Via neurotransmitters
Action potential:
• Electrical impulse:
movement of ions (small particles that have an electrical charge) across the cell membrane of the axon
of a neuron
Membrane potential:
• Difference electrical charge between inside and outside of the cell
o Caused by unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane.
• Sodium ions (Na+; natrium)
• Potassium ions (K+; kalium)
Ions cannot easily cross the cell membrane >> shield
Membrane potential during rest:
• Resting potential
• More Na+ outside the neuron
• More K+ inside the neurons
• More positively charged neurons outside because there are more sodium channels outside than
potassium ions inside
