Nursing Pathophysiology Final Exam Review \Study Guide
Exam 2026 -2027 \LATEST UPDATE WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS \VERIFIED
100% \Jersey College –HSC 203
A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for
cancer.
The instructor
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following
are associated risks for
cancer?
-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-hepatitis C virus (HCV)
-hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-human papillomavirus (HPV)
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is
looking for a tumor marker.
Which of the following could be a possible marker?
Enzymes
,A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with
productive cough of bloodtinged
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further
questioning, he
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are
likely to result in
which of the following forms of necrosis?
caseous
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that:
Two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular.
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the
extracellular compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body
water is about 60% of body weight.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body
fluid movement, it is correct to state that:
A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF)
space.
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane.
C) Water moves freely across the capillary or cell membrane.
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that
provide permeability to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the
major ECF cation, and potassium is the major ICF cation; this is due to the
,sodium-potassium pump.
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that:
It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal
gland that is located on the kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when
potassium is increased or sodium is decreased. Therefore, it makes
sense that aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption to increase a
depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion.
, When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct
to state that it:
Is a result of an underlying disorder.
Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying
disorder, and therefore, treatment is centered on the underlying
disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in sodium and a deficit of
bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms associated with
this syndrome.
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state
that it is generally:
An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below
135 mEq/L. It can occur due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or
gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur with an increase in TBW.
Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is
uncommon.
Exam 2026 -2027 \LATEST UPDATE WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS \VERIFIED
100% \Jersey College –HSC 203
A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for
cancer.
The instructor
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following
are associated risks for
cancer?
-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-hepatitis C virus (HCV)
-hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-human papillomavirus (HPV)
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is
looking for a tumor marker.
Which of the following could be a possible marker?
Enzymes
,A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with
productive cough of bloodtinged
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further
questioning, he
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are
likely to result in
which of the following forms of necrosis?
caseous
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that:
Two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular.
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the
extracellular compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body
water is about 60% of body weight.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body
fluid movement, it is correct to state that:
A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF)
space.
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane.
C) Water moves freely across the capillary or cell membrane.
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that
provide permeability to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the
major ECF cation, and potassium is the major ICF cation; this is due to the
,sodium-potassium pump.
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that:
It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal
gland that is located on the kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when
potassium is increased or sodium is decreased. Therefore, it makes
sense that aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption to increase a
depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion.
, When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct
to state that it:
Is a result of an underlying disorder.
Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying
disorder, and therefore, treatment is centered on the underlying
disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in sodium and a deficit of
bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms associated with
this syndrome.
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state
that it is generally:
An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below
135 mEq/L. It can occur due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or
gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur with an increase in TBW.
Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is
uncommon.
