HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (2025/2026):
LATEST VERSION WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE, DETAILED ANSWERS FROM TRUSTED
SOURCES
1. What is histology? - ANSWER The study of tissues
2. Food enters ____ first? - ANSWER The stomach
3. What are the 3 major parts of the brain? - ANSWER
a. Cerebrum
b. Cerebellum
c. Medulla Oblongata
4. What is the function of the cerebrum? - ANSWER Movement & sensory
input.
5. What is the function of the cerebellum? - ANSWER Muscular coordination.
6. What is the function of the medulla oblongata? - ANSWER Controls vital
functions such as respiration and heart rate.
7. How long is the spinal cord? - ANSWER 18 inches long and extends from
the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
8. How many pairs of nerves exit the spinal cord? - ANSWER 31 pairs of
nerves exit the spinal cord.
9. What are simple (spinal) reflexes? - ANSWER Those in which nerve
impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.
,10.What is the function of the endocrine system? - ANSWER Assist the
nervous system in homeostasis and plays important roles in sexual
maturation.
11.Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet? - ANSWER The
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
12.What does the hypothalamus govern? - ANSWER The pituitary gland and is
controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood.
13.Which has more long-lasting effects on the body, the endocrine or the
nervous system? - ANSWER The endocrine system
14.What are hormones? - ANSWER Chemical messengers controlling growth,
differentiation & metabolism of cells.
15.What are the two major groups of hormones? - ANSWER Steroid and
nonsteroid
16.What is the effect of steroid hormones? - ANSWER Enter the cell and have
a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus.
17.Most of the fats are absorbed into the lymph by what? - ANSWER
LACTEALS
18.Lacteals are eventually added where? - ANSWER To the bloodstream
,19.All nutrients enter the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN to be routed where? -
ANSWER The LIVER for decontamination
20.What is the job of the villi? - ANSWER SMALL FINGERLIKE
PROJECTIONS that INCREASE the surface area of the intestinal wall
21.What is the main role of the LARGE INTESTINE? - ANSWER Reabsorbs
water and stores and eliminates undigested food
22.Abundant bacteria, the intestinal flora is found where? - ANSWER In the
LARGE INTESTINE
23.What is the function of some nonsteroid hormones? - ANSWER Serve as
protein hormones.
24.What is the function of protein hormones? - ANSWER Stay at the cell
surface and act through second messenger.
25.What is the usual second messenger used by protein hormones? - ANSWER
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
26.How do hormones affect cell activity? - ANSWER Alters the rate of protein
synthesis.
27.Which gland is considered the "master gland"? - ANSWER The pituitary
gland
28.Where is the pituitary gland located? - ANSWER Attached to the
hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum.
, 29.Gastric Gland do what? - ANSWER Secrete hydrochloric acid that breaks
down foods
30.lymphatic - ANSWER IMMUNE SYSTEM
fights infections
rough ER - ANSWER ribosomes located here
cytoplasm - ANSWER ribosomes here
centrosome - ANSWER helps with cell divison
hypertonic, isotonic, hyoptonic - ANSWER hypotonic- cells are filled with ions
(K+, Na ions), water outside the cells "hypotonic" cell wants to burst open
hypertonic- the cell is lacking ions/solutes, water outside the cell is hypertonic, cell
is shriveled/deprived
osmosis- water likes to diffuse to area of high concenetration, where the solutes are
differentiation - ANSWER cells become specialized to do something
cytokinesis - ANSWER cytoplasmic divison
mitosis - ANSWER nuclear division
prophase
LATEST VERSION WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE, DETAILED ANSWERS FROM TRUSTED
SOURCES
1. What is histology? - ANSWER The study of tissues
2. Food enters ____ first? - ANSWER The stomach
3. What are the 3 major parts of the brain? - ANSWER
a. Cerebrum
b. Cerebellum
c. Medulla Oblongata
4. What is the function of the cerebrum? - ANSWER Movement & sensory
input.
5. What is the function of the cerebellum? - ANSWER Muscular coordination.
6. What is the function of the medulla oblongata? - ANSWER Controls vital
functions such as respiration and heart rate.
7. How long is the spinal cord? - ANSWER 18 inches long and extends from
the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
8. How many pairs of nerves exit the spinal cord? - ANSWER 31 pairs of
nerves exit the spinal cord.
9. What are simple (spinal) reflexes? - ANSWER Those in which nerve
impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.
,10.What is the function of the endocrine system? - ANSWER Assist the
nervous system in homeostasis and plays important roles in sexual
maturation.
11.Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet? - ANSWER The
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
12.What does the hypothalamus govern? - ANSWER The pituitary gland and is
controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood.
13.Which has more long-lasting effects on the body, the endocrine or the
nervous system? - ANSWER The endocrine system
14.What are hormones? - ANSWER Chemical messengers controlling growth,
differentiation & metabolism of cells.
15.What are the two major groups of hormones? - ANSWER Steroid and
nonsteroid
16.What is the effect of steroid hormones? - ANSWER Enter the cell and have
a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus.
17.Most of the fats are absorbed into the lymph by what? - ANSWER
LACTEALS
18.Lacteals are eventually added where? - ANSWER To the bloodstream
,19.All nutrients enter the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN to be routed where? -
ANSWER The LIVER for decontamination
20.What is the job of the villi? - ANSWER SMALL FINGERLIKE
PROJECTIONS that INCREASE the surface area of the intestinal wall
21.What is the main role of the LARGE INTESTINE? - ANSWER Reabsorbs
water and stores and eliminates undigested food
22.Abundant bacteria, the intestinal flora is found where? - ANSWER In the
LARGE INTESTINE
23.What is the function of some nonsteroid hormones? - ANSWER Serve as
protein hormones.
24.What is the function of protein hormones? - ANSWER Stay at the cell
surface and act through second messenger.
25.What is the usual second messenger used by protein hormones? - ANSWER
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
26.How do hormones affect cell activity? - ANSWER Alters the rate of protein
synthesis.
27.Which gland is considered the "master gland"? - ANSWER The pituitary
gland
28.Where is the pituitary gland located? - ANSWER Attached to the
hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum.
, 29.Gastric Gland do what? - ANSWER Secrete hydrochloric acid that breaks
down foods
30.lymphatic - ANSWER IMMUNE SYSTEM
fights infections
rough ER - ANSWER ribosomes located here
cytoplasm - ANSWER ribosomes here
centrosome - ANSWER helps with cell divison
hypertonic, isotonic, hyoptonic - ANSWER hypotonic- cells are filled with ions
(K+, Na ions), water outside the cells "hypotonic" cell wants to burst open
hypertonic- the cell is lacking ions/solutes, water outside the cell is hypertonic, cell
is shriveled/deprived
osmosis- water likes to diffuse to area of high concenetration, where the solutes are
differentiation - ANSWER cells become specialized to do something
cytokinesis - ANSWER cytoplasmic divison
mitosis - ANSWER nuclear division
prophase
