Anatomy & Physiology III - BIOS 255 (Proficiency Exam Review) Questions and Answers

Anatomy & Physiology III - BIOS 255 (Proficiency Exam Review) Questions and Answers does the right atrium have oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? deoxygenated oxygen is carried by _____ cells. It binds to proteins called _____ that contain iron. erythrocytes; hemoglobin which element is responsible for immune function, clotting, and gas transfer? (in this particular order) leukocytes; platelets; erythrocytes what are the major functions of blood? - plays a role in immune function - temperature regulation - pH regulation - gas/nutrients/ waste transport - regulates water loss a patient has a stroke volume of 70ml/beat, a heart rate of 70 beats per minute, a mean arterial pressure of 100, systolic BP of 95 and diastolic BP of 60. Calculate the output of this patient. CO = SV x HR 70 x 70 = 4900ml/min = 4.9L/min which ions mediate the upstroke, plateau, and downstroke of a cardiac action potential. indicate the contraction phase that correlates to these events upstroke = sodium; depolarization plateau = calcium; contraction downstroke = potassium; relaxation what are the three layers of the heart? epicardium, myocardium, endocardium what is the fluid filled sac called that surround the heart? pericardium when red blood cells get broken down, the iron molecule is transferred from the macrophage to the liver with which transfer protein? transferrin which wave indicated atrial depolarization? p wave what makes up the component of whole blood? - serum - water - plasma proteins - nutrients - dissolved gasses - electrolytes where does the breakdown of red blood cells start? in the macrophage what is the process of emigration/extravasation and what subtypes of WBCs most commonly conduct it? WBCs leaving vessels and migrating to external infections - neutrophils and monocytes what classifies an individual as anemic? they have reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood list physical characteristics of cardiac muscle cells - intercalated discs - striated - nuclei - gap junctions what is the driver of the heart conduction system? what happens if it fails? the SA node and if it fails, the AV node takes over when valves close, what wave is observed on a pressure chart? the dicrotic wave what are 3 systems of blood circulation - pulmonary system - systematic system - coronary system during ventricular systole, what is happening to the blood volume within the ventricle? first, there is no change - then once the pressure is great enough, the semilunar valves open and volume drops what 3 veins empty into the right atrium? - superior vena cava - inferior vena cava - coronary sinus an individual has a increase in afterload, what effect would this have on his MAP? increase in after load = decrease in SV = decrease in CO = decrease in MAP what are two unique structures the fetus heart has and not the adult heart? - foramen ovale - ductus arteriosus what chamber of the heart has the thickest walls? the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle, the heart experiences two isovulmetric states. When do these occur? the beginning of ventricular systole and beginning of ventricular diastole during ventricular systole, what happens to the pressure in the ventricle? it increases where do the heart sounds come from? closing of the valves where is atrial repolarization located on an EKG? it is masked by the QRS complex what two chambers of the heart are contracting and causing the p-wave on an EKG? the left and right atria Name the five structures of the cardiac conductive tissue 1. SA node 2. AV node 3. bundle of his 4. left and right bundle branches 5. purkinij fibers what is the process of creating new red blood cells called? erythropoiesis what do valves ensure? one-way flow of blood through the heart how many cusps does the right AV valve have? three cusps (TRIcuspid) how many cusps does the left AV valve have? two cusps (Bicuspid) what is another name for the left AV valve? bicuspid or mitral valve define cardiac output amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute what receptor sends signals to the cardiac centers are the beginning of exercise? proprioceptors