Manual & Test Bank For Corrections in America An Introduction 15th Edition By Harry Allen, Chapters 1-19

Corrections in America:An Introduction
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– 15th Edition


MANUAL & TEST
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BANK
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Harry E. Allen
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Comprehensive Manual & Test Bank for
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Instructors and Students
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© Harry E. Allen

All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
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©Medexcellence ✅��

, Contents

To the Instructor iv
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Course Syllabi
10-Week Course Syllabus v
16-Week Syllabus viii

Chapters
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PART I: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
1 Early History (2000 B.C. to A.D. 1800) 1
2 Prisons (1800 to the Present) 8
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3 Correctional Ideologies: The Pendulum Swings 14
4 The Sentencing and Appeals Process 20

PART II: ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT
5 Probation 26
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6 Diversion and Intermediate Sanctions 33

PART III: INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS
7 Custody Functions 40
8 Security Threat Groups and Prison Gangs 48
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9 Management and Treatment Functions 53
10 Jails and Detention Facilities 59
11 Prison Systems 66
12 Private-Sector Systems 72
13 The Death Penalty 79
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14 Parole and Reentry 85


PART IV: CORRECTIONAL CLIENTS
15 Appeals and Offender Rights 93
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16 Male Offenders 103
17 Female Offenders 109
18 Juvenile Offenders and Facilities 116
19 Special-Category Offenders 127
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Test Bank 136
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, CHAPTER 1
EARLY HISTORY (2000 B.C. TO A.D. 1800)

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
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 A crucial question in corrections is, “Who are offenders and what shall we do
with them?” Part 1 deals with the process by which punishment originated as a
private matter between an offending party and the victim but later came to be an
official state function. Significant changes over time are examined, starting with
2000 B.C. and continuing through contemporary efforts to construct places of
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punishment and reform. Behind each of the four major answers to the crucial
question lay assumptions about the nature of offenders and what to do with them.
Part 1 details these perceptions, assumptions, and answers, as well as
corresponding correctional practices and fads that have emerged during the last
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4,000 years.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
 Summarize the definition, mission, and role of corrections.
 Summarize early responses to crime prior to the development of prisons.
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 Describe how secular law emerged.
 Summarize sentencing goals and primary punishment philosophies from 1800 to
present.
 Outline the development of the prison.
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LECTURE OUTLINE
 What is the Role of Corrections?
o Significant changes since 2000 B.C.
o Currently, the role of corrections is to punish serious offenders,
rehabilitate criminals, ensure public safety, and prepare offenders for
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return to society as law-abiding citizens
 Redress of Wrongs
o Retaliation
 The earliest remedy for wrongs done to one’s person or property
was to retaliate against the wrongdoer.
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o Fines and Punishment
 Criminal law requires an element of public action against the
wrongdoer
 Early Codes
o Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
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 The concept of lex talionis is far older than the Bible; it appears in
the Sumerian codes (1860 B.C.) and in the 1750 B.C. code of King
Hammurabi of Babylon
 While most historians view the Hammurabic Code as the first
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comprehensive attempt at codifying social interaction, the
Sumerian codes preceded it by about a century


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, o Crime and Sin
 If society believed the crime might have offended a divinity, the
accused had to undergo a long period of progressively harsher
punishment to appease the gods.
 Offenders had to “get right with God.”
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o Roman and Greek Codes
 In the sixth century A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his
code of laws, one of the most ambitious early efforts to match a
desirable amount of punishment with all possible crimes.
 The Greeks were the first society to allow any of their citizens to
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prosecute an offender in the name of the injured party.
o The Middle Ages
 The Middle Ages was a long period of general social disorder.
 The church expanded the concept of crime to include some new
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areas, still reflected in modern codes.
 The zealous movement to stamp out heresy brought on the
Inquisition and its use of the most vicious tortures imaginable to
gain “confessions” and “repentance” from alleged heretics.
 The main contribution of the medieval church to our study of
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corrections is the concept of free will.
 Punishment
o Capital and Corporal Punishment
 The most common forms of state punishment over the centuries
have been death, torture, mutilation, branding, public humiliation,
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fines, forfeiture of property, banishment, imprisonment, and
transportation.
 Torture, mutilation, and branding fall in the general category of
corporal punishment (any physical pain inflicted short of death).
 The public humiliation of offenders was a popular practice in early
America, utilizing such devices as the stocks, the pillory, ducking
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stools, the brank, and branding.
o Deterrence
 The extensive use of capital and corporal punishment during the
Middle Ages reflected, in part, a belief that public punishment
would deter potential wrongdoers.
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 In more recent years, deterrence has been reconceived as general
and specific deterrence.
o Emergence of Secular Law
 In the early fourteenth century, many scholars advocated the
independence of the monarchy from the pope.
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 The early background of law and punishment points up the
significance of social revenge as a justification for individual or
societal punishment against an offender.
o Early Prisons
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 Some form of detention for offenders, whether temporary or
permanent, has been a social institution from the earliest times.

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