NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 | Rasmussen University |
Verified Questions and Answers | A+ Graded | Latest 2025/2026 Edition
Topic 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation & Death
🧩 Q1. What is the primary cause of cellular injury?
✅
A. Hypoxia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lack of oxygen (hypoxia) impairs ATP production, which disrupts energy-dependent
cellular functions and leads to cell injury or death.
Q2. Which of the following is an example of cellular adaptation?
A. Apoptosis
✅
B. Atrophy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to reduced workload, blood supply, or
hormonal stimulation — a reversible adaptation.
Excellent👍 Let’s continue with Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair — 25 verified
questions, answers, and rationales from the NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2025/2026 – Rasmussen University).
🧩 Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair
Q26. The primary purpose of inflammation is to:
✅
A. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and start repair
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inflammation removes injurious stimuli, clears damaged tissue, and initiates tissue
healing.
Q27. Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?
✅
A. Redness (rubor)
Correct Answer: A
,Q3. Cellular swelling is most directly caused by:
✅
A. Increased sodium inside the cell
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Failure of the sodium-potassium pump (due to ATP depletion) causes sodium and
water to accumulate within the cell, leading to swelling.
Q4. What type of necrosis is most commonly seen in myocardial
infarction?
✅
A. Coagulative necrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ischemia in solid organs like the heart leads to coagulative necrosis due to protein
denaturation.
Q5. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell
number?
✅
A. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells resulting from increased cell
division, often seen in hormonal or compensatory responses.
Excellent👍 Let’s continue with Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair — 25 verified
questions, answers, and rationales from the NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2025/2026 – Rasmussen University).
🧩 Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair
Q26. The primary purpose of inflammation is to:
✅
A. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and start repair
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inflammation removes injurious stimuli, clears damaged tissue, and initiates tissue
healing.
Q27. Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?
✅
A. Redness (rubor)
Correct Answer: A
,Q6. Free radicals cause cell injury by:
✅
A. Damaging cell membranes and DNA
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading
to oxidative stress.
Q7. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
✅
A. Programmed cell death
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Apoptosis is an orderly process that eliminates damaged or unneeded cells without
causing inflammation.
Q8. The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
✅
A. Ischemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reduced blood flow deprives tissues of oxygen and nutrients, causing ischemic
injury.
Q9. Metaplasia refers to:
Excellent👍 Let’s continue with Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair — 25 verified
questions, answers, and rationales from the NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2025/2026 – Rasmussen University).
🧩 Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair
Q26. The primary purpose of inflammation is to:
✅
A. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and start repair
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inflammation removes injurious stimuli, clears damaged tissue, and initiates tissue
healing.
Q27. Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?
✅
A. Redness (rubor)
Correct Answer: A
, ✅
A. Replacement of one mature cell type by another
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Metaplasia occurs when chronic irritation leads to reversible substitution of one cell
type with another better suited for the environment.
Q10. Which organelle is primarily responsible for apoptosis?
✅
A. Mitochondria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitochondria release cytochrome c, triggering the cascade that leads to
programmed cell death.
Q11. What is the hallmark feature of reversible cell injury?
✅
A. Cellular swelling
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reversible injury is characterized by hydropic (water) changes due to ATP depletion
and ion pump failure.
Q12. Fat necrosis is typically associated with injury to:
Excellent 👍 Let’s continue with Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair — 25 verified
questions, answers, and rationales from the NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2025/2026 – Rasmussen University).
🧩 Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair
Q26. The primary purpose of inflammation is to:
✅
A. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and start repair
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inflammation removes injurious stimuli, clears damaged tissue, and initiates tissue
healing.
Q27. Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?
✅
A. Redness (rubor)
Correct Answer: A
Verified Questions and Answers | A+ Graded | Latest 2025/2026 Edition
Topic 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation & Death
🧩 Q1. What is the primary cause of cellular injury?
✅
A. Hypoxia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lack of oxygen (hypoxia) impairs ATP production, which disrupts energy-dependent
cellular functions and leads to cell injury or death.
Q2. Which of the following is an example of cellular adaptation?
A. Apoptosis
✅
B. Atrophy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to reduced workload, blood supply, or
hormonal stimulation — a reversible adaptation.
Excellent👍 Let’s continue with Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair — 25 verified
questions, answers, and rationales from the NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2025/2026 – Rasmussen University).
🧩 Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair
Q26. The primary purpose of inflammation is to:
✅
A. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and start repair
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inflammation removes injurious stimuli, clears damaged tissue, and initiates tissue
healing.
Q27. Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?
✅
A. Redness (rubor)
Correct Answer: A
,Q3. Cellular swelling is most directly caused by:
✅
A. Increased sodium inside the cell
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Failure of the sodium-potassium pump (due to ATP depletion) causes sodium and
water to accumulate within the cell, leading to swelling.
Q4. What type of necrosis is most commonly seen in myocardial
infarction?
✅
A. Coagulative necrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ischemia in solid organs like the heart leads to coagulative necrosis due to protein
denaturation.
Q5. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell
number?
✅
A. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells resulting from increased cell
division, often seen in hormonal or compensatory responses.
Excellent👍 Let’s continue with Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair — 25 verified
questions, answers, and rationales from the NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2025/2026 – Rasmussen University).
🧩 Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair
Q26. The primary purpose of inflammation is to:
✅
A. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and start repair
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inflammation removes injurious stimuli, clears damaged tissue, and initiates tissue
healing.
Q27. Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?
✅
A. Redness (rubor)
Correct Answer: A
,Q6. Free radicals cause cell injury by:
✅
A. Damaging cell membranes and DNA
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading
to oxidative stress.
Q7. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
✅
A. Programmed cell death
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Apoptosis is an orderly process that eliminates damaged or unneeded cells without
causing inflammation.
Q8. The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
✅
A. Ischemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reduced blood flow deprives tissues of oxygen and nutrients, causing ischemic
injury.
Q9. Metaplasia refers to:
Excellent👍 Let’s continue with Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair — 25 verified
questions, answers, and rationales from the NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2025/2026 – Rasmussen University).
🧩 Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair
Q26. The primary purpose of inflammation is to:
✅
A. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and start repair
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inflammation removes injurious stimuli, clears damaged tissue, and initiates tissue
healing.
Q27. Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?
✅
A. Redness (rubor)
Correct Answer: A
, ✅
A. Replacement of one mature cell type by another
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Metaplasia occurs when chronic irritation leads to reversible substitution of one cell
type with another better suited for the environment.
Q10. Which organelle is primarily responsible for apoptosis?
✅
A. Mitochondria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitochondria release cytochrome c, triggering the cascade that leads to
programmed cell death.
Q11. What is the hallmark feature of reversible cell injury?
✅
A. Cellular swelling
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reversible injury is characterized by hydropic (water) changes due to ATP depletion
and ion pump failure.
Q12. Fat necrosis is typically associated with injury to:
Excellent 👍 Let’s continue with Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair — 25 verified
questions, answers, and rationales from the NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2025/2026 – Rasmussen University).
🧩 Topic 2: Inflammation & Tissue Repair
Q26. The primary purpose of inflammation is to:
✅
A. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and start repair
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inflammation removes injurious stimuli, clears damaged tissue, and initiates tissue
healing.
Q27. Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?
✅
A. Redness (rubor)
Correct Answer: A
