Testa2Banka2-
a2Pathophysiology:a2Thea2Biologica2Basisa2fora2Diseasea2ina2Adultsa2anda2Childrena2(8th)a 2 a 2 a 2 1
TESTa2BANKa2PATHOPHYSIOLOGYa2THEa2BIOLOGICa2BASISa2FORa2DISEASEa2INa2ADULTSa2ANDa2CHILDRENa28tha2Editiona2
Kathryna2L.a 2
McCance,a2Suea2E.a2Huether
, Testa2Banka2-
a2Pathophysiology:a2Thea2Biologica2Basisa2fora2Diseasea2ina2Adultsa2anda2Childrena2(8th)a 2 a 2 a 2 2
Thea2bilayer’sa2structurea2accountsa2fora2onea2ofa2thea2essentiala2functionsa2ofa2thea2plasmaa2mem
brane.a2Ita2isa2impermeablea2toa2mosta2water-
solublea2moleculesa2(moleculesa2thata2dissolvea2ina2water)a2becausea2thea2water-
solublea2moleculesa2area2insolublea2ina2thea2oilya2corea2region.a2Thea2bilayera2servesa2asa2aa2barri
era2toa2thea2diffusiona2ofa2watera2anda2hydrophilica2substancesa2whilea2allowinga2lipid-
solublea2molecules,a2sucha2asa2oxygena2(O2)a2anda2carbona2dioxidea2(CO2),a2toa2diffusea2througha
2ita2readily.a2Carbohydratea2chains,a2glycoproteina2channels,a2anda2membranea2channela2proteinsa
2doa2nota2preventa2water-solublea2moleculesa2froma2enteringa2cellsa2acrossa2thea2cella2membrane.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
1. Aa2studenta2asksa2fora2ana2explanationa2ofa2thea2absolutea2refractorya2perioda2ofa2thea2actiona2po
tential.a2Whata2responsea2bya2thea2professora2isa2best?
a. Aa2strongera2thana2normala2impulsea2willa2evokea2anothera2response.
b. Noa2stimulusa2isa2ablea2toa2evokea2anothera2responsea2ata2thisa2time.
c. Multiplea2stimulia2cana2producea2morea2rapida2actiona2potentials.
d. Thea2hyperpolarizeda2statea2meansa2aa2weakera2stimulusa2producesa2aa2r
esponse.
ANS:a 2 B
Duringa2thea2absolutea2refractorya2statea2ofa2thea2actiona2potential,a2noa2stimulusa2isa2ablea2toa2e
vokea2anothera2responsea2froma2thea2cell.a2Aa2strongera2thana2normala2impulsea2maya2generatea
2aa2responsea2ina2thea2relativea2refractorya2period.a2Thisa2perioda2ofa2timea2isa2nota2relateda2toa2
thea2numbera2ofa2stimuli.a2Aa2hyperpolarizeda2statea2meansa2aa2strongera2thana2normala2stimul
usa2woulda2bea2neededa2toa2generatea2aa2response.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
2. Whicha2forma2ofa2cella2communicationa2isa2useda2toa2communicatea2withina2thea2cella2itselfa2an
da2witha2othera2cellsa2ina2directa2physicala2contact?
a. Proteina2channela2(gapa2junction)
b. Plasmaa2membrane-bounda2signalinga2molecules
c. Hormonea2secretiona2sucha2asa2neurotransmitters
d. Extracellulara2chemicala2messengersa2sucha2asa2lig
ands
ANS:a 2 B
Cellsa2communicatea2ina2threea2maina2ways;a2theya2displaya2plasmaa2membrane-
bounda2signalinga2moleculesa2thata2affecta2thea2cella2itselfa2anda2othera2cellsa2ina2directa2physical
a2contacta2witha2it,a2theya2affecta2receptora2proteinsa2insidea2thea2targeta2cell,a2anda2theya2forma2p
roteina2channelsa2(gapa2junctions)a2thata2directlya2coordinatea2thea2activitiesa2ofa2adjacenta2cells.a
2Neurotransmittersa2area2releaseda2bya2neuronsa2anda2crossa2thea2synaptica2clefta2toa2communicat
ea2witha2thea2cellsa2theya2innervate.a2Ligandsa2area2involveda2ina2bindinga2processes.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
3. Whicha2modea2ofa2chemicala2signalinga2usesa2blooda2toa2transporta2communicationa2toa2cellsa2so
mea2distancea2away?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
, Testa2Banka2-
a2Pathophysiology:a2Thea2Biologica2Basisa2fora2Diseasea2ina2Adultsa2anda2Childrena2(8th)a 2 a 2 a 2 3
TESTa2BANKa2PATHOPHYSIOLOGYa2THEa2BIOLOGICa2BASISa2FORa2DISEASEa2INa2ADULTSa2ANDa2CHILDRENa28tha2Editiona2
Kathryna2L.a 2
McCance,a2Suea2E.a2Huether
, Testa2Banka2-
a2Pathophysiology:a2Thea2Biologica2Basisa2fora2Diseasea2ina2Adultsa2anda2Childrena2(8th)a 2 a 2 a 2 4
ANS:a 2 D
Chemicala2signalinga2cana2bea2classifieda2intoa2threea2categories:a2(1)a2local-
chemicala2mediator,a2(2)a2hormone,a2anda2(3)a2neurotransmitter.a2Hormonesa2area2releaseda2bya2
onea2seta2ofa2cellsa2anda2travela2througha2tissuesa2ora2thea2bloodstreama2toa2anothera2seta2ofa2cellsa
2wherea2theya2producea2aa2responsea2bya2thosea2cells.a2Ina2paracrinea2signaling,a2cellsa2secretea2lo
cala2chemicala2mediatorsa2thata2area2quicklya2absorbed,a2destroyed,a2ora2immobilized.a2Paracrine
a2signalinga2requiresa2closea2membrane-to-
membranea2contact.a2Paracrinea2signalinga2usuallya2involvesa2differenta2cella2types;a2however,a2c
ellsa2alsoa2maya2producea2signalsa2thata2they,a2themselves,a2responda2to,a2whicha2isa2calleda2autoc
rinea2signaling.a2Neurotransmittersa2area2releaseda2bya2neuronsa2anda2crossa2thea2synaptica2clefta2
toa2communicatea2witha2thea2cellsa2theya2innervate.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
4. Whicha2modea2ofa2chemicala2signalinga2usesa2locala2chemicala2mediatorsa2thata2area2quickly
a2takena2up,a2destroyed,a2ora2immobilized?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormone
ANS:a 2 A
Ina2paracrinea2signaling,a2cellsa2secretea2locala2chemicala2mediatorsa2thata2area2quicklya2takena2u
p,a 2 destroyed,a2ora2immobilized.a2Autocrinea2signalinga2occursa2whena2thea2targeta2cellsa2produc
ea2signalsa2thata2theya2themselvesa2responda2to.a2Neurotransmittersa2area2releaseda2bya2neuronsa2
anda2crossa2thea2synaptica2clefta2toa2communicatea2witha2thea2cellsa2theya2innervate.a2Hormonesa2
area2releaseda2bya2onea2seta2ofa2cellsa2anda2travela2througha2tissuesa2ora2thea2bloodstreama2toa2ano
thera2seta2ofa2cellsa2wherea2theya2producea2aa2responsea2bya2thosea2cells.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
5. Neurotransmittersa2affecta2thea2postsynaptica2membranea2bya2bindinga2toa2whicha2structure?
a. Lipids
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathica2lipid
s
d. Receptors
ANS:a 2 D
Ina2eacha2typea2ofa2chemicala2signaling,a2thea2targeta2cella2receivesa2thea2signala2bya2firsta2attachi
nga2toa2itsa2receptors.a2Thea2othera2optionsa2doa2nota2correctlya2describea2thisa2process.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
6. Howa2doa2cellsa2receivea2communicationa2froma2thea2extracellulara2fluida2surroundinga2them?
a. Proteina2channela2(gapa2junction)
b. Plasmaa2membrane-
bounda2signalinga2moleculesa2(involvinga2receptors)
c. Hormonea2secretiona2sucha2asa2neurotransmitters
d. Chemicala2messengersa2sucha2asa2ligands
ANS:a 2 D
a2Pathophysiology:a2Thea2Biologica2Basisa2fora2Diseasea2ina2Adultsa2anda2Childrena2(8th)a 2 a 2 a 2 1
TESTa2BANKa2PATHOPHYSIOLOGYa2THEa2BIOLOGICa2BASISa2FORa2DISEASEa2INa2ADULTSa2ANDa2CHILDRENa28tha2Editiona2
Kathryna2L.a 2
McCance,a2Suea2E.a2Huether
, Testa2Banka2-
a2Pathophysiology:a2Thea2Biologica2Basisa2fora2Diseasea2ina2Adultsa2anda2Childrena2(8th)a 2 a 2 a 2 2
Thea2bilayer’sa2structurea2accountsa2fora2onea2ofa2thea2essentiala2functionsa2ofa2thea2plasmaa2mem
brane.a2Ita2isa2impermeablea2toa2mosta2water-
solublea2moleculesa2(moleculesa2thata2dissolvea2ina2water)a2becausea2thea2water-
solublea2moleculesa2area2insolublea2ina2thea2oilya2corea2region.a2Thea2bilayera2servesa2asa2aa2barri
era2toa2thea2diffusiona2ofa2watera2anda2hydrophilica2substancesa2whilea2allowinga2lipid-
solublea2molecules,a2sucha2asa2oxygena2(O2)a2anda2carbona2dioxidea2(CO2),a2toa2diffusea2througha
2ita2readily.a2Carbohydratea2chains,a2glycoproteina2channels,a2anda2membranea2channela2proteinsa
2doa2nota2preventa2water-solublea2moleculesa2froma2enteringa2cellsa2acrossa2thea2cella2membrane.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
1. Aa2studenta2asksa2fora2ana2explanationa2ofa2thea2absolutea2refractorya2perioda2ofa2thea2actiona2po
tential.a2Whata2responsea2bya2thea2professora2isa2best?
a. Aa2strongera2thana2normala2impulsea2willa2evokea2anothera2response.
b. Noa2stimulusa2isa2ablea2toa2evokea2anothera2responsea2ata2thisa2time.
c. Multiplea2stimulia2cana2producea2morea2rapida2actiona2potentials.
d. Thea2hyperpolarizeda2statea2meansa2aa2weakera2stimulusa2producesa2aa2r
esponse.
ANS:a 2 B
Duringa2thea2absolutea2refractorya2statea2ofa2thea2actiona2potential,a2noa2stimulusa2isa2ablea2toa2e
vokea2anothera2responsea2froma2thea2cell.a2Aa2strongera2thana2normala2impulsea2maya2generatea
2aa2responsea2ina2thea2relativea2refractorya2period.a2Thisa2perioda2ofa2timea2isa2nota2relateda2toa2
thea2numbera2ofa2stimuli.a2Aa2hyperpolarizeda2statea2meansa2aa2strongera2thana2normala2stimul
usa2woulda2bea2neededa2toa2generatea2aa2response.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
2. Whicha2forma2ofa2cella2communicationa2isa2useda2toa2communicatea2withina2thea2cella2itselfa2an
da2witha2othera2cellsa2ina2directa2physicala2contact?
a. Proteina2channela2(gapa2junction)
b. Plasmaa2membrane-bounda2signalinga2molecules
c. Hormonea2secretiona2sucha2asa2neurotransmitters
d. Extracellulara2chemicala2messengersa2sucha2asa2lig
ands
ANS:a 2 B
Cellsa2communicatea2ina2threea2maina2ways;a2theya2displaya2plasmaa2membrane-
bounda2signalinga2moleculesa2thata2affecta2thea2cella2itselfa2anda2othera2cellsa2ina2directa2physical
a2contacta2witha2it,a2theya2affecta2receptora2proteinsa2insidea2thea2targeta2cell,a2anda2theya2forma2p
roteina2channelsa2(gapa2junctions)a2thata2directlya2coordinatea2thea2activitiesa2ofa2adjacenta2cells.a
2Neurotransmittersa2area2releaseda2bya2neuronsa2anda2crossa2thea2synaptica2clefta2toa2communicat
ea2witha2thea2cellsa2theya2innervate.a2Ligandsa2area2involveda2ina2bindinga2processes.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
3. Whicha2modea2ofa2chemicala2signalinga2usesa2blooda2toa2transporta2communicationa2toa2cellsa2so
mea2distancea2away?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
, Testa2Banka2-
a2Pathophysiology:a2Thea2Biologica2Basisa2fora2Diseasea2ina2Adultsa2anda2Childrena2(8th)a 2 a 2 a 2 3
TESTa2BANKa2PATHOPHYSIOLOGYa2THEa2BIOLOGICa2BASISa2FORa2DISEASEa2INa2ADULTSa2ANDa2CHILDRENa28tha2Editiona2
Kathryna2L.a 2
McCance,a2Suea2E.a2Huether
, Testa2Banka2-
a2Pathophysiology:a2Thea2Biologica2Basisa2fora2Diseasea2ina2Adultsa2anda2Childrena2(8th)a 2 a 2 a 2 4
ANS:a 2 D
Chemicala2signalinga2cana2bea2classifieda2intoa2threea2categories:a2(1)a2local-
chemicala2mediator,a2(2)a2hormone,a2anda2(3)a2neurotransmitter.a2Hormonesa2area2releaseda2bya2
onea2seta2ofa2cellsa2anda2travela2througha2tissuesa2ora2thea2bloodstreama2toa2anothera2seta2ofa2cellsa
2wherea2theya2producea2aa2responsea2bya2thosea2cells.a2Ina2paracrinea2signaling,a2cellsa2secretea2lo
cala2chemicala2mediatorsa2thata2area2quicklya2absorbed,a2destroyed,a2ora2immobilized.a2Paracrine
a2signalinga2requiresa2closea2membrane-to-
membranea2contact.a2Paracrinea2signalinga2usuallya2involvesa2differenta2cella2types;a2however,a2c
ellsa2alsoa2maya2producea2signalsa2thata2they,a2themselves,a2responda2to,a2whicha2isa2calleda2autoc
rinea2signaling.a2Neurotransmittersa2area2releaseda2bya2neuronsa2anda2crossa2thea2synaptica2clefta2
toa2communicatea2witha2thea2cellsa2theya2innervate.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
4. Whicha2modea2ofa2chemicala2signalinga2usesa2locala2chemicala2mediatorsa2thata2area2quickly
a2takena2up,a2destroyed,a2ora2immobilized?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormone
ANS:a 2 A
Ina2paracrinea2signaling,a2cellsa2secretea2locala2chemicala2mediatorsa2thata2area2quicklya2takena2u
p,a 2 destroyed,a2ora2immobilized.a2Autocrinea2signalinga2occursa2whena2thea2targeta2cellsa2produc
ea2signalsa2thata2theya2themselvesa2responda2to.a2Neurotransmittersa2area2releaseda2bya2neuronsa2
anda2crossa2thea2synaptica2clefta2toa2communicatea2witha2thea2cellsa2theya2innervate.a2Hormonesa2
area2releaseda2bya2onea2seta2ofa2cellsa2anda2travela2througha2tissuesa2ora2thea2bloodstreama2toa2ano
thera2seta2ofa2cellsa2wherea2theya2producea2aa2responsea2bya2thosea2cells.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
5. Neurotransmittersa2affecta2thea2postsynaptica2membranea2bya2bindinga2toa2whicha2structure?
a. Lipids
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathica2lipid
s
d. Receptors
ANS:a 2 D
Ina2eacha2typea2ofa2chemicala2signaling,a2thea2targeta2cella2receivesa2thea2signala2bya2firsta2attachi
nga2toa2itsa2receptors.a2Thea2othera2optionsa2doa2nota2correctlya2describea2thisa2process.
PTS:a 2 a 2 1 DIF: Cognitivea2Level:a2Remembering
6. Howa2doa2cellsa2receivea2communicationa2froma2thea2extracellulara2fluida2surroundinga2them?
a. Proteina2channela2(gapa2junction)
b. Plasmaa2membrane-
bounda2signalinga2moleculesa2(involvinga2receptors)
c. Hormonea2secretiona2sucha2asa2neurotransmitters
d. Chemicala2messengersa2sucha2asa2ligands
ANS:a 2 D
