kuby immunology with covid 19 digital update 8th edition by sharon stranford judy owen jenni punt patricia jones 1st

Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy Owen; Jenni
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Punt; Patricia Jones
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Preparation|
All Figures Included| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
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, Chapter01

1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
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jinstructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
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jCORRECT?

CORRECTANSWER:Theselectivetheorysaysthat,whenanantigenreceptorbindswithanantigen,thecell n n n n n n n




becomesactivated(orthe cellisselected toproliferateandsecretemorecopiesofthereceptor).Theinstructional
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theorysaysthattheantigenreceptormoldsitselftotheantigen.Theselectivetheorywasshowntobecorrect.
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2. Often,serendipityplaysarolein significantscientificdiscoveries.Inyourownwords,explainhow
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jserendipityledPasteurtodiscoveracholeravaccine.

CORRECTANSWER:Pasteurdevelopedthevaccineinchickens,whichwereinshortsupply.Hechallenged
groupsofchickenswithcholerabacteria—someofwhichwerepreviouslyexposedtoanattenuatedversionof
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cholerabacteria.Onlythepreviouslyexposedanimalswereprotectedfromanewchallenge,whichled totheuse
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ofweakened pathogensasvaccines.
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3. Despiteitshavingbeeneradicatedonaglobalscale,smallpoxispresentlyconsidered apotential
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bioterrorismthreat.Why?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.
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CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
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populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
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unvaccinatedandthus,isstillsusceptibletothedisease.
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4. Priorto1999,itwasclaimedthatathimerosaladditiveinvaccineswascontributingtotherisingincidence
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jofautism.Iftheclaimsweretrue,whatresultanttrendmightyou expecttoobserveintherateofautism once
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thimerosalwasremovedfromvaccines?
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CORRECTANSWER: Onewouldreasonablyexpecta decreaseintherateofautism. However, casesofautism j n n j j




continuedtoriseafterthimerosalwasremovedfromvaccinesin2001.
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5. Giventhediscoveryand developmentofeffectiveantibiotics,makeanargument forthecontinued
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useof vaccinesagainst bacterialpathogens.Useevidencetosupport youranswer.
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CORRECTANSWER:Antibioticsareusedfortreatmentofdisease,nottypicallyforprevention.Antibiotic j




jtreatment isnotfoolproof(considering therisingincidenceofantibioticresistance).Vaccinesarea
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preventativemeasure,andpreventionisthegoldstandardforinfectiousdiseasecontrolmeasures.
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,6. Youhaveafriendunfamiliarwithimmunology,andheasksyouthefollowingquestion:"WhydoIneedthe n n n




flushoteveryyear,butdon'tneedan annualchickenpox vaccine?"Asastudentofimmunology,howwould you
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explainthisdiscrepancytoyourfriend?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.
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CORRECTANSWER:Thevirusthat causes thefluchangeseveryyear-asaresult,anewfluvaccinemustbe n j n n n n n




prepared eachyearbasedonapredicationofthemost commonformsoftheviruslikelytobeencountered.
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Vaccinesarespecificinthetypeofpathogenagainstwhichtheyprotect,andprotectionagainstonetypedoes
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notguaranteeprotectionagainstpathogensthatareclosely-related.
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7. Provideonebenefitandonedrawbackofgeneratingrandomrecognitionreceptorsduringthe
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developmentofBcells.
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CORRECTANSWER:Abenefitishavingthecapacitytorecognizeand respondtodiversepathogensasthey n nj n n




evolve.Adrawback isthatsomerecognitionreceptorscouldpotentiallyrecognizeandtarget host antigens.
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8. Aportionofourimmunesystems'whitebloodcellsisconstantlycirculatingthroughoutthebodyvia
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circulationand lymphatics.What isthebenefit ofsuchcirculation?
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CORRECTANSWER:Thecirculationofthewhitebloodcellsallowsforamorecomprehensivesurveillanceof n j




thebodyforthepresenceofpotentialpathogens.Asignificantportionofthehumanbodyisconstantlyexposedto
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potentialmicrobialpathogens.
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9. Completethefollowingtablebycomparingandcontrastinginnateandadaptiveimmuneresponses.
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InnateImmunity AdaptiveImmunity

j Ismediatedbywhatcells? n




Whatdotheyrecognize?n




Howarethereceptorsencoded?
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Whycan'ttheycontrolallinfectionsalone?What do
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theydoinresponsetoantigen?
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, CORRECTANSWER:
Adaptive
InnateImmunity j


Immunit
y
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Macrophages,NK
Ismediatedby TcellsandB
cells,neutrophils,
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whatcells? j cells
mastcellseosinophils
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Whatdothey Specific
Pathogenpatterns j


recognize? j epitope
s
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Howarethe
Rearranged
receptors Germline
genesegments
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encoded? j




Whycan'tthey
Pathogensevolve Takestoolong
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controlall
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escapemechanisms todevelop
infections
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alone? j
Produce
Engulfanddestroy,
What dotheydo nn antibodies,kill
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nn induce inflammation
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inresponseto
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antigen? j




10. Whatarethehallmarksofinflammation?Describethephysicalcharacteristicsofsomeone
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jexperiencing aninflammatoryresponse.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencinginflammation might have
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localizedswellingandrednessoritchingormaybeexperiencingfaintnessduetoaloweringofbloodpressure
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ifmoresevere.
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11. Uponreceivingimmuneserumasatreatmentforavenomoussnakebite,wouldtherecipientbe n n n n n




jimmunefromfuturebitesofthesamespecies?

CORRECTANSWER:Intheshort-term,probably,astheserumcontainsprotectiveantibodiesagainst the j




venom. Inthelong-term, no,asserum treatment is aformofpassiveimmunity. Passiveimmunity does not
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generatelong-livedmemorycells.
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12. ProvideonecommonfeatureofandtwodifferencesbetweenB-cellreceptorsand PRRs.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Acommonfeature is that theybothare used torecognizeforeign antigens. AB- cell
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receptorismoreselectivethanaPRR.TheDNAthatencodesforaPRRinanindividualisinherited. The DNA
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thatencodesforamatureB-cellreceptorfromanindividualisnotpassedontooffspring.
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