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NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO EXAM AND TEST BANK
COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025-2026
What 4 elements is DNA composed of? - 1) deoxyribose
phosphate molecule
2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
what are Ribosomes? - RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Nucleus - contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, the histones, that regulate
its activity
What is the chief function of Ribosomes - Chief function of ribosomes is to provide
sites for cellular protein synthesis
Golgi Complex - -network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently
located near the nucleus of the cell.
-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound
sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles.
- refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
Lysosomes - maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
- signals cellular adaptation
what do Peroxisomes contain? - hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen reactive
species
Mitochondria - - responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
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How does a virus get into a cell? - -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
Diffusion - passive
process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration
facilitated diffusion - -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
Active transport - -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration
- going against the gradient needs energy
What cells in our body cannot reproduce? - neurons, heart cells, skeletal muscle
cells, red blood cells
-they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the body
Main types of cell death? - apoptosis and necrosis
apoptosis - a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination of unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
#1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis - hypoxia
atrophy - cell shrinks - decreased size
Normal atrophy - physiologic atrophy
Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism - a reduction of ATP levels causes the
plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to fail,
which leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of
potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then can center the cell freely and
cellular swelling results
pathologic atrohy - occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
hypertophy - increase in size of cell
Hyperplasia - increase in number of cells
compensatory (liver) or pathalogical
NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO EXAM AND TEST BANK
COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025-2026
What 4 elements is DNA composed of? - 1) deoxyribose
phosphate molecule
2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
what are Ribosomes? - RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Nucleus - contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, the histones, that regulate
its activity
What is the chief function of Ribosomes - Chief function of ribosomes is to provide
sites for cellular protein synthesis
Golgi Complex - -network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently
located near the nucleus of the cell.
-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound
sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles.
- refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
Lysosomes - maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
- signals cellular adaptation
what do Peroxisomes contain? - hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen reactive
species
Mitochondria - - responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
, 2 | Page
How does a virus get into a cell? - -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
Diffusion - passive
process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration
facilitated diffusion - -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
Active transport - -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration
- going against the gradient needs energy
What cells in our body cannot reproduce? - neurons, heart cells, skeletal muscle
cells, red blood cells
-they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the body
Main types of cell death? - apoptosis and necrosis
apoptosis - a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination of unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
#1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis - hypoxia
atrophy - cell shrinks - decreased size
Normal atrophy - physiologic atrophy
Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism - a reduction of ATP levels causes the
plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to fail,
which leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of
potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then can center the cell freely and
cellular swelling results
pathologic atrohy - occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
hypertophy - increase in size of cell
Hyperplasia - increase in number of cells
compensatory (liver) or pathalogical
