MICR 290 ACTUAL FINAL EXAM 290
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST VERSION
"Catalase |Test |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |enzyme |catalase |converts |hydrogen |peroxide |into
|water |and |oxygen. |If |a |drop |of |hydrogen |peroxide |is |added |to |a |sample |of |bacteria |which
|produce |catalase, |oxygen |is |produced, |resulting |in |the |formation |of |bubbles."
"Oxidase |Test |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Used |to |see |if |a |bacterial |strain |produces |enzymes |known
|as |cytochrome |c |oxidases. |Test |uses |TMPD |which |can |be |chemically |modified |by |oxidase
|enzymes. |TMPD |is |colourless |but |changes |to |a |dark |blue |colour |if |it |is |oxidized |by |a
|cytochrome |c |oxidase."
"Indole |Test |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Measures |whether |a |bacterial |strain |degrades |the |amino
|acid |tryptophan |to |form |indole. |The |addition |of |Kovac's |reagent |to |an |indole-positive |culture
|results |in |the |formation |of |a |red |dye."
"Sanger |Sequencing |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Allows |for |the |determination |of |sequences |of |DNA
|that |are |around |500 |to |1000 |base |pairs |in |length."
"Next |Generation |Sequencing |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Useful |tools |for |the |study |of |individual
|bacteria, |as |well |as |bacterial |populations |and |can |determine |the |sequences |of |all |of |the |DNA
|molecules |in |a |sample."
"Growth |Media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Used |for |growing |bacteria |and |can |be |categorized
|according |to |its |nutritional |components."
"Chemically |defined |media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |All |of |the |ingredients |are |pure |chemicals |of
|known |composition."
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,"Complex |Media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Made |from |chemically |complex |extracts |from |yeasts.
|meat, |or |plants. |The |composition |of |these |extracts |are |not |fully |defined, |containing |mixtures
|of |amino |acids |and |peptides, |carbohydrates, |and |vitamins."
"Differential |Media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Used |to |distinguish |between |different |kinds |of
|bacteria."
"Selective |Media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Used |to |grow |specific |bacteria."
"Blood |Agar |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |A |complex |solid |media |containing |blood. |Some |bacteria |lyse
|RBCs, |therefore |these |colonies |are |surrounded |by |a |clear |zone. |Other |bacteria |break
|hemoglobin |to |give |a |greenish |by-product."
"MacConkey |Agar |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |A |complex |media |that |is |both |selective |and |differential
|and |contains |bile |salts |and |crystal |violet |which |inhibit |the |growth |of |GP |bacteria."
"DNA |polymerase |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Recognizes |a |DNA |sequence |located |before |the |gene
|known |as |a |promoter, |and |synthesizes |an |mRNA |transcript |of |the |gene. |This |transcript |is
|translated |by |the |ribosome |in |order |to |produce |a |protein. |The |ribosome |recognizes |the
|codons |in |the |mRNA |transcript, |initiating |protein |synthesis |at |the |start |codon, |selecting |which
|amino |acid |to |incorporate."
"Chromosome |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |major |DNA |component |in |a |bacterial |cell |is |the
|chromosome, |which |normally |occurs |as |a |double-stranded, |circular |molecule."
"Plasmid |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |In |addition |to |the |chromosome, |bacteria |often |contain
|plasmids, |which |are |mobile |genetic |elements |that |can |be |transferred |between |bacterial |cells."
"Transposons |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Short |sequences |of |DNA |that |are |capable |of |moving
|between |different |strands |of |DNA. |They |can |jump |from |a |chromosome |to |a |plasmid, |from |a
|plasmid |to |a |chromosome |or |even |to |different |positions |within |a |chromosome |or |plasmid.
|Many |contain |only |a |single |gene |which |codes |for |transposase |which |allows |for |the |movement
|between |different |DNA |sequences."
"Operons |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Organized |structures |of |genes |that |encode |for |proteins |with
|related |functions |tend |to |be |grouped |together |on |the |bacterial |chromosome."
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, "Binary |Fission |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |2 |offspring |cells |each |inherit |a |copy |of |the
|chromosome. |This |transfer |of |genetic |material |from |parent |cells |to |their |offspring |is |known |as
|vertical |gene |transfer."
"Plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Circular |double-stranded |molecules |of |DNA |that |are |found |in
|the |bacterial |cytoplasm |and |tend |to |be |smaller |than |the |chromosome |and |replicate
|independently."
"Copy |Number |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |number |of |copies |of |a |particular |plasmid |in |a |single
|bacterial |cell."
"Fertility |Factors |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Encode |the |necessary |functions |for |bacteria |to |undergo
|conjugation |where |a |copy |of |the |plasmid |is |transmitted |from |1 |bacterial |cell |to |another."
"Resistance |plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Contain |genes |that |confer |bacteria |with |resistance
|to |certain |antibiotics. |Some |resistance |plasmids |contain |several |different |resistance. |genes,
|conferring |resistance |to |many |different |classes |of |antibiotics."
"Virulence |plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Contain |genes |that |make |bacteria |pathogenic."
"Degradative |plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Expand |the |metabolic |scope |of |a |bacterium,
|allowing |it |to |catabolize |a |broader |range |of |substances."
"Col |Plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Contain |genes |involved |in |the |production |of |bacteriocins
|which |are |peptides |or |proteins |that |bacteria |produce |in |order |to |kill |other |bacteria."
"Mutations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Permanent |changes |to |the |sequence |of |a |DNA |molecule,
|caused |by |mutagens |in |which |a |nucleotide |is |substituted"
"Missense |Mutation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |codon |that |encodes |for |a |particular |AA |is
|mutated |into |a |codon |that |encodes |for |a |different |AA. |This |results |in |the |production |of |a
|protein |with |a |different |AA |sequence."
"Nonsense |Mutation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |codon |than |encodes |for |a |particular |AA |is
|mutated |into |a |stop |codon. |The |ribosome |will |stop |translating |before |the |full |protein |has
|been |synthesized."
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QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST VERSION
"Catalase |Test |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |enzyme |catalase |converts |hydrogen |peroxide |into
|water |and |oxygen. |If |a |drop |of |hydrogen |peroxide |is |added |to |a |sample |of |bacteria |which
|produce |catalase, |oxygen |is |produced, |resulting |in |the |formation |of |bubbles."
"Oxidase |Test |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Used |to |see |if |a |bacterial |strain |produces |enzymes |known
|as |cytochrome |c |oxidases. |Test |uses |TMPD |which |can |be |chemically |modified |by |oxidase
|enzymes. |TMPD |is |colourless |but |changes |to |a |dark |blue |colour |if |it |is |oxidized |by |a
|cytochrome |c |oxidase."
"Indole |Test |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Measures |whether |a |bacterial |strain |degrades |the |amino
|acid |tryptophan |to |form |indole. |The |addition |of |Kovac's |reagent |to |an |indole-positive |culture
|results |in |the |formation |of |a |red |dye."
"Sanger |Sequencing |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Allows |for |the |determination |of |sequences |of |DNA
|that |are |around |500 |to |1000 |base |pairs |in |length."
"Next |Generation |Sequencing |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Useful |tools |for |the |study |of |individual
|bacteria, |as |well |as |bacterial |populations |and |can |determine |the |sequences |of |all |of |the |DNA
|molecules |in |a |sample."
"Growth |Media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Used |for |growing |bacteria |and |can |be |categorized
|according |to |its |nutritional |components."
"Chemically |defined |media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |All |of |the |ingredients |are |pure |chemicals |of
|known |composition."
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,"Complex |Media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Made |from |chemically |complex |extracts |from |yeasts.
|meat, |or |plants. |The |composition |of |these |extracts |are |not |fully |defined, |containing |mixtures
|of |amino |acids |and |peptides, |carbohydrates, |and |vitamins."
"Differential |Media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Used |to |distinguish |between |different |kinds |of
|bacteria."
"Selective |Media |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Used |to |grow |specific |bacteria."
"Blood |Agar |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |A |complex |solid |media |containing |blood. |Some |bacteria |lyse
|RBCs, |therefore |these |colonies |are |surrounded |by |a |clear |zone. |Other |bacteria |break
|hemoglobin |to |give |a |greenish |by-product."
"MacConkey |Agar |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |A |complex |media |that |is |both |selective |and |differential
|and |contains |bile |salts |and |crystal |violet |which |inhibit |the |growth |of |GP |bacteria."
"DNA |polymerase |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Recognizes |a |DNA |sequence |located |before |the |gene
|known |as |a |promoter, |and |synthesizes |an |mRNA |transcript |of |the |gene. |This |transcript |is
|translated |by |the |ribosome |in |order |to |produce |a |protein. |The |ribosome |recognizes |the
|codons |in |the |mRNA |transcript, |initiating |protein |synthesis |at |the |start |codon, |selecting |which
|amino |acid |to |incorporate."
"Chromosome |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |major |DNA |component |in |a |bacterial |cell |is |the
|chromosome, |which |normally |occurs |as |a |double-stranded, |circular |molecule."
"Plasmid |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |In |addition |to |the |chromosome, |bacteria |often |contain
|plasmids, |which |are |mobile |genetic |elements |that |can |be |transferred |between |bacterial |cells."
"Transposons |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Short |sequences |of |DNA |that |are |capable |of |moving
|between |different |strands |of |DNA. |They |can |jump |from |a |chromosome |to |a |plasmid, |from |a
|plasmid |to |a |chromosome |or |even |to |different |positions |within |a |chromosome |or |plasmid.
|Many |contain |only |a |single |gene |which |codes |for |transposase |which |allows |for |the |movement
|between |different |DNA |sequences."
"Operons |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Organized |structures |of |genes |that |encode |for |proteins |with
|related |functions |tend |to |be |grouped |together |on |the |bacterial |chromosome."
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, "Binary |Fission |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |2 |offspring |cells |each |inherit |a |copy |of |the
|chromosome. |This |transfer |of |genetic |material |from |parent |cells |to |their |offspring |is |known |as
|vertical |gene |transfer."
"Plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Circular |double-stranded |molecules |of |DNA |that |are |found |in
|the |bacterial |cytoplasm |and |tend |to |be |smaller |than |the |chromosome |and |replicate
|independently."
"Copy |Number |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |number |of |copies |of |a |particular |plasmid |in |a |single
|bacterial |cell."
"Fertility |Factors |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Encode |the |necessary |functions |for |bacteria |to |undergo
|conjugation |where |a |copy |of |the |plasmid |is |transmitted |from |1 |bacterial |cell |to |another."
"Resistance |plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Contain |genes |that |confer |bacteria |with |resistance
|to |certain |antibiotics. |Some |resistance |plasmids |contain |several |different |resistance. |genes,
|conferring |resistance |to |many |different |classes |of |antibiotics."
"Virulence |plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Contain |genes |that |make |bacteria |pathogenic."
"Degradative |plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Expand |the |metabolic |scope |of |a |bacterium,
|allowing |it |to |catabolize |a |broader |range |of |substances."
"Col |Plasmids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Contain |genes |involved |in |the |production |of |bacteriocins
|which |are |peptides |or |proteins |that |bacteria |produce |in |order |to |kill |other |bacteria."
"Mutations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |Permanent |changes |to |the |sequence |of |a |DNA |molecule,
|caused |by |mutagens |in |which |a |nucleotide |is |substituted"
"Missense |Mutation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |codon |that |encodes |for |a |particular |AA |is
|mutated |into |a |codon |that |encodes |for |a |different |AA. |This |results |in |the |production |of |a
|protein |with |a |different |AA |sequence."
"Nonsense |Mutation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER=> |The |codon |than |encodes |for |a |particular |AA |is
|mutated |into |a |stop |codon. |The |ribosome |will |stop |translating |before |the |full |protein |has
|been |synthesized."
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