,Chapter x02 x: x Introduction xto x the xHuman xBody
xMultiple x Choice
1. Which x of x the x following x definitions x describes x the x scientific x study x of x human x anatomy?
a. The x study x of x the x body’s x metabolic x functions.
b. The x study x of x the x body’s x structures.
c. The x study x of x body’s x chemical x processes.
d. The x study x of x the x body’s x molecular x processes.
e. The x study x of x the x body’s x evolution.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.1 x Overview x of x Anatomy x and x Physiology
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.1.1 x - x Define x the x terms x anatomy x and x physiology.
2. What x two x approaches x do x anatomists x use x to x study x the x body’s x structures?
a. regional x and x systemic
b. global x and x detailed
c. holistic x and x microscopic
d. internal x and x external
e. active x and x passive
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.1 xOverview xof x AnWaWtoWm.yTaBnS
d xM
Ph.yWs S
iology
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x2.1.2 x - xGive xspecific xexamples xto xshow xthe x interrelationship xbetween xanatomy
xand
physiology.
3. Which x of x the x following x describes x the x study x of x regional x anatomy?
a. The x skin x and x its x functions.
b. The x interrelationships x of x all x of x the x structures x in x a x specific x body x region.
c. Human x evolution x by x regions x of x the x world.
d. The x specific x functions x of x an x organ.
e. Chemical x changes x in x the x human x body.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.1 x Overview x of x Anatomy x and x Physiology
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.1.2 x - xGive x specific x examples xto xshow x the x interrelationship x between
xanatomy xand x physiology.
4. Which x of x the x following x describes x the x study x of x systemic x anatomy?
a. The x operation x of x body x functions.
b. The x sequence x of x chemical x reactions x in x the x body.
c. The x structures x that x make x up x a x discrete x body x system.
d. The x evolution x of x the x human x body.
e. The x changes x in x the x body x over x time.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
,REFERENCES: 2.1 x Overview x of x Anatomy x and x Physiology
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.1.2 x - xGive x specific x examples xto xshow x the x interrelationship x between
xanatomy xand x physiology.
5. What x is x phosphorylation?
a. The x most x common x form x of x molecular x regulation x in x animal x cells x – x the x addition x of x a x phosphate
x group x to xspecific x molecules.
b. The x ingestion x and x absorption x of x excessive x phosphorus x from x the x environment.
c. The x production x of x excessive x amounts x of x phosphorus x by x the x body.
d. The x conversion x of x phosphorus x through x a x series x of x reactions x in x the x environment.
e. The x removal x of x phosphorus x from x our x bodies.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.2 x Structure x and x Function
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x2.2.1 x - xDescribe, x compare, xand xcontrast x various xstructure-function
xrelationships x from x molecular x to x organ x level.
6. Early x humans x evolved x a x restructured x pelvis x to x accommodate x for x what x specific x function?
a. increased xintelligence
b. bipedalism
c. childbirth
d. self x defense
e. sense x of x smell x and x taste
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.2 x Structure x and x Function
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.2.2 x - x Relate x the x commonly x found x branching x structure x to xfunction x of x an
x organ.
7. How x is x human x evolution x defined?
a. The x impact x of x the x earth’s x climate x on x human x development.
b. Changes x in x human x intelligence x over x time.
c. The x development x of x cognitive x and x motor x skills x over x time.
d. A xchange x in x gene x expression x that x occurs x from x generation x to x generation.
e. The x ability x to x adapt x to x constantly x changing x environments.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.3 x Evolution x and x Human x Variation
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.3.1 x - x Define x the x term x and x explain x the x concept x of x evolution.
8. Why x does x the x body x require x UV x radiation x from x sunlight?
a. To x control x the x spread x of x bacteria.
b. To x improve x skin x tone x and x quality.
c. For x the x production x of x proteins.
d. To x control x blood x flow.
e. For x the x synthesis x of x vitamin x D.
ANSWER: e
,DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.3 x Evolution x and x Human x Variation
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.3.2 x - x Contrast x the x impact x of x selection x on x traits x that x affect
x reproduction x and xtraits x that x do xnot; xuse xthis xto xexplain x examples xof
x anatomical xand xphysiological xvariation.
9. UV xradiation x from x sunlight x is x harmful x to x folate x (folic x acid) x structure, x a x vitamin. x What x is x a x reason x folate x is
x essential?
a. It x is x essential x for x skin x cell x growth x and x development.
b. It x is x essential x for x single x cell x growth x and x muscular x strength.
c. It x aids x in x sperm x production x and x embryonic x development.
d. It x is x important x for x eye x sight x and x night x vision.
e. It x is x involved x with x digestion.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.3 x Evolution x and x Human x Variation
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.3.2 x - x Contrast x the x impact x of x selection x on x traits x that x affect
x reproduction x and xtraits x that x do xnot; xuse xthis xto xexplain xexamples xof
x anatomical xand xphysiological xvariation.
10. What x are xthe xthree x types x of x gradients x that x drive x flow x in x a x physiological x context?
a. high, x medium, x and x low x gradients
b. elevated, x standard, x and xreduced x gradients
c. organic, x inorganic, x and x chemical x gradients
d. concentration, x electrical, x and xpressure x gradients
e. kinetic, x dynamic, x and x static x gradients
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.4 x Flow
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.4.1 x - x Describe x how xa x gradient x determines xflow xbetween x two x regions,
x and xgive x examples x of x gradients x that x exist x in x different x levels x of
x organization x in xthe x body.
11. What x type x of x gradient x drives x the x flow x of x fluids x and x gases?
a. concentration xgradients
b. electrical x gradients
c. pressure x gradients
d. organic x gradients
e. gravitational x gradients
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.4 x Flow
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.4.2 x - x Predict x how x changes x in x a x gradient x will x affect x flow x rate.
12. Which x of x the x following x variables x provides x resistance x to x flow x rate x in x liquids x and x gases?
a. diameter x and x length x of x the x tube
b. speed x of x the x molecules
c. size x of x the x molecules
d. temperature x of x the x environment
e. viscosity x of x the x medium
,ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.4 x Flow
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.4.3 x - x Predict x how x differences x in x resistance x will x affect x flow x rate.
13. What x is x the x definition x of x homeostasis?
a. The x state x of x dynamic x stability x of x the x body’s x internal x conditions.
b. The x condition x of x humanity x at x any x point x in x history.
c. The x sum x of x all x chemical x reactions x within x the x blood x stream.
d. Molecular x concentrations x within xspecific x organs.
e. The x environment x for x human x development.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.1 x - x Define xthe xfollowing x terms x as xthey x relate x to x homeostasis:
x setpoint, xvariable, x receptor x (sensor), x effector x (target), x and x control
x (integrating) x center.
14. Which x of x the x following x statements x describes x the xset x point x for x maintaining x homeostasis?
a. The x physiological x value x around x which x the x normal x range x fluctuates.
b. The x physiological x value x that x should x not x be x exceeded.
c. The x minimal x physiological x value x that x should x be x maintained.
d. One x of x a x range x of x values x that x could x be x maintained.
e. A x fixed x value x that x must x be x maintained.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.3 x - x List x the x main x physiological x variables x for x which x the x body x attempts x to
xmaintain x homeostasis.
15. What x is x the x set x point x for x normal x body x temperature?
a. Approximately x 35 x °C x (95.0 x °F)
b. Approximately x 36 x °C x (96.8 x °F)
c. Approximately x 37 x °C x (98.6 x °F)
d. Approximately x 38 x °C x (100.4 x °F)
e. Approximately x 35 x °C x (102.2 x °F)
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.3 x - x List x the x main x physiological x variables x for x which x the x body x attempts x to
xmaintain x homeostasis.
16. Which x of x the x following x variables x is x homeostatically x regulated?
a. body x weight
b. blood x sugar x levels
c. stress x levels
d. bone x density
, e. metal x alertness
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.3 x - x List x the x main x physiological x variables x for x which x the x body x attempts x to
xmaintain x homeostasis.
17. Which xstatement x best x describes x a x negative x feedback x loop?
a. A x mechanism x that x reverses x a x deviation x from x the x set x point.
b. A x mechanism x that x eliminates x the x cause x of x the x deviation x from x the x set x point.
c. A x mechanism x that x replaces x molecules x required x by x the x body.
d. A x mechanism xthat x accelerates x the x production x of x hormones.
e. A x mechanism x that x freezes x the x cause x of x negative x impacts x to x the x body.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.4 x - x List x the x steps x in x a x feedback x mechanism x (loop) x and x explain x the
xfunction xof x each x step.
18. Which x of x the x following x variables x is x regulated x by x a x positive x feedback x loop?
a. body x temperature
b. blood x sugar x levels
c. childbirth
d. thyroid x hormone x levels
e. pH x levels
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.5 x - x Compare x and x contrast x positive x and x negative x feedback x in
x terms x of xthe x relationship xbetween xstimulus xand xresponse, xand xdescribe
xexamples xof xeach.
19. Which xstatement x best x describes x a x negative x feedback x loop?
a. A x mechanism x that x reverses x a x deviation x from x the x set x point.
b. A x mechanism x that x eliminates x the x cause x of x the x deviation x from x the x set x point.
c. A x mechanism x that x replaces x molecules x required x by x the x body.
d. A x mechanism xthat x accelerates x the x production x of x hormones.
e. A x mechanism x that x freezes x the x cause x of x negative x impacts x to x the x body.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.2 x - x Explain x why x negative x feedback x is x the x most x common x mechanism
x used xto x maintain x homeostasis.
20. What x is x the x smallest x independently x functioning x unit x of x a x living x organism?
a. An x atom
b. A x molecule
c. A x cell
xMultiple x Choice
1. Which x of x the x following x definitions x describes x the x scientific x study x of x human x anatomy?
a. The x study x of x the x body’s x metabolic x functions.
b. The x study x of x the x body’s x structures.
c. The x study x of x body’s x chemical x processes.
d. The x study x of x the x body’s x molecular x processes.
e. The x study x of x the x body’s x evolution.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.1 x Overview x of x Anatomy x and x Physiology
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.1.1 x - x Define x the x terms x anatomy x and x physiology.
2. What x two x approaches x do x anatomists x use x to x study x the x body’s x structures?
a. regional x and x systemic
b. global x and x detailed
c. holistic x and x microscopic
d. internal x and x external
e. active x and x passive
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.1 xOverview xof x AnWaWtoWm.yTaBnS
d xM
Ph.yWs S
iology
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x2.1.2 x - xGive xspecific xexamples xto xshow xthe x interrelationship xbetween xanatomy
xand
physiology.
3. Which x of x the x following x describes x the x study x of x regional x anatomy?
a. The x skin x and x its x functions.
b. The x interrelationships x of x all x of x the x structures x in x a x specific x body x region.
c. Human x evolution x by x regions x of x the x world.
d. The x specific x functions x of x an x organ.
e. Chemical x changes x in x the x human x body.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.1 x Overview x of x Anatomy x and x Physiology
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.1.2 x - xGive x specific x examples xto xshow x the x interrelationship x between
xanatomy xand x physiology.
4. Which x of x the x following x describes x the x study x of x systemic x anatomy?
a. The x operation x of x body x functions.
b. The x sequence x of x chemical x reactions x in x the x body.
c. The x structures x that x make x up x a x discrete x body x system.
d. The x evolution x of x the x human x body.
e. The x changes x in x the x body x over x time.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
,REFERENCES: 2.1 x Overview x of x Anatomy x and x Physiology
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.1.2 x - xGive x specific x examples xto xshow x the x interrelationship x between
xanatomy xand x physiology.
5. What x is x phosphorylation?
a. The x most x common x form x of x molecular x regulation x in x animal x cells x – x the x addition x of x a x phosphate
x group x to xspecific x molecules.
b. The x ingestion x and x absorption x of x excessive x phosphorus x from x the x environment.
c. The x production x of x excessive x amounts x of x phosphorus x by x the x body.
d. The x conversion x of x phosphorus x through x a x series x of x reactions x in x the x environment.
e. The x removal x of x phosphorus x from x our x bodies.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.2 x Structure x and x Function
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x2.2.1 x - xDescribe, x compare, xand xcontrast x various xstructure-function
xrelationships x from x molecular x to x organ x level.
6. Early x humans x evolved x a x restructured x pelvis x to x accommodate x for x what x specific x function?
a. increased xintelligence
b. bipedalism
c. childbirth
d. self x defense
e. sense x of x smell x and x taste
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.2 x Structure x and x Function
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.2.2 x - x Relate x the x commonly x found x branching x structure x to xfunction x of x an
x organ.
7. How x is x human x evolution x defined?
a. The x impact x of x the x earth’s x climate x on x human x development.
b. Changes x in x human x intelligence x over x time.
c. The x development x of x cognitive x and x motor x skills x over x time.
d. A xchange x in x gene x expression x that x occurs x from x generation x to x generation.
e. The x ability x to x adapt x to x constantly x changing x environments.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.3 x Evolution x and x Human x Variation
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.3.1 x - x Define x the x term x and x explain x the x concept x of x evolution.
8. Why x does x the x body x require x UV x radiation x from x sunlight?
a. To x control x the x spread x of x bacteria.
b. To x improve x skin x tone x and x quality.
c. For x the x production x of x proteins.
d. To x control x blood x flow.
e. For x the x synthesis x of x vitamin x D.
ANSWER: e
,DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.3 x Evolution x and x Human x Variation
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.3.2 x - x Contrast x the x impact x of x selection x on x traits x that x affect
x reproduction x and xtraits x that x do xnot; xuse xthis xto xexplain x examples xof
x anatomical xand xphysiological xvariation.
9. UV xradiation x from x sunlight x is x harmful x to x folate x (folic x acid) x structure, x a x vitamin. x What x is x a x reason x folate x is
x essential?
a. It x is x essential x for x skin x cell x growth x and x development.
b. It x is x essential x for x single x cell x growth x and x muscular x strength.
c. It x aids x in x sperm x production x and x embryonic x development.
d. It x is x important x for x eye x sight x and x night x vision.
e. It x is x involved x with x digestion.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.3 x Evolution x and x Human x Variation
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.3.2 x - x Contrast x the x impact x of x selection x on x traits x that x affect
x reproduction x and xtraits x that x do xnot; xuse xthis xto xexplain xexamples xof
x anatomical xand xphysiological xvariation.
10. What x are xthe xthree x types x of x gradients x that x drive x flow x in x a x physiological x context?
a. high, x medium, x and x low x gradients
b. elevated, x standard, x and xreduced x gradients
c. organic, x inorganic, x and x chemical x gradients
d. concentration, x electrical, x and xpressure x gradients
e. kinetic, x dynamic, x and x static x gradients
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.4 x Flow
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.4.1 x - x Describe x how xa x gradient x determines xflow xbetween x two x regions,
x and xgive x examples x of x gradients x that x exist x in x different x levels x of
x organization x in xthe x body.
11. What x type x of x gradient x drives x the x flow x of x fluids x and x gases?
a. concentration xgradients
b. electrical x gradients
c. pressure x gradients
d. organic x gradients
e. gravitational x gradients
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.4 x Flow
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.4.2 x - x Predict x how x changes x in x a x gradient x will x affect x flow x rate.
12. Which x of x the x following x variables x provides x resistance x to x flow x rate x in x liquids x and x gases?
a. diameter x and x length x of x the x tube
b. speed x of x the x molecules
c. size x of x the x molecules
d. temperature x of x the x environment
e. viscosity x of x the x medium
,ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.4 x Flow
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x x 2.4.3 x - x Predict x how x differences x in x resistance x will x affect x flow x rate.
13. What x is x the x definition x of x homeostasis?
a. The x state x of x dynamic x stability x of x the x body’s x internal x conditions.
b. The x condition x of x humanity x at x any x point x in x history.
c. The x sum x of x all x chemical x reactions x within x the x blood x stream.
d. Molecular x concentrations x within xspecific x organs.
e. The x environment x for x human x development.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.1 x - x Define xthe xfollowing x terms x as xthey x relate x to x homeostasis:
x setpoint, xvariable, x receptor x (sensor), x effector x (target), x and x control
x (integrating) x center.
14. Which x of x the x following x statements x describes x the xset x point x for x maintaining x homeostasis?
a. The x physiological x value x around x which x the x normal x range x fluctuates.
b. The x physiological x value x that x should x not x be x exceeded.
c. The x minimal x physiological x value x that x should x be x maintained.
d. One x of x a x range x of x values x that x could x be x maintained.
e. A x fixed x value x that x must x be x maintained.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.3 x - x List x the x main x physiological x variables x for x which x the x body x attempts x to
xmaintain x homeostasis.
15. What x is x the x set x point x for x normal x body x temperature?
a. Approximately x 35 x °C x (95.0 x °F)
b. Approximately x 36 x °C x (96.8 x °F)
c. Approximately x 37 x °C x (98.6 x °F)
d. Approximately x 38 x °C x (100.4 x °F)
e. Approximately x 35 x °C x (102.2 x °F)
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.3 x - x List x the x main x physiological x variables x for x which x the x body x attempts x to
xmaintain x homeostasis.
16. Which x of x the x following x variables x is x homeostatically x regulated?
a. body x weight
b. blood x sugar x levels
c. stress x levels
d. bone x density
, e. metal x alertness
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.3 x - x List x the x main x physiological x variables x for x which x the x body x attempts x to
xmaintain x homeostasis.
17. Which xstatement x best x describes x a x negative x feedback x loop?
a. A x mechanism x that x reverses x a x deviation x from x the x set x point.
b. A x mechanism x that x eliminates x the x cause x of x the x deviation x from x the x set x point.
c. A x mechanism x that x replaces x molecules x required x by x the x body.
d. A x mechanism xthat x accelerates x the x production x of x hormones.
e. A x mechanism x that x freezes x the x cause x of x negative x impacts x to x the x body.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.4 x - x List x the x steps x in x a x feedback x mechanism x (loop) x and x explain x the
xfunction xof x each x step.
18. Which x of x the x following x variables x is x regulated x by x a x positive x feedback x loop?
a. body x temperature
b. blood x sugar x levels
c. childbirth
d. thyroid x hormone x levels
e. pH x levels
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.5 x - x Compare x and x contrast x positive x and x negative x feedback x in
x terms x of xthe x relationship xbetween xstimulus xand xresponse, xand xdescribe
xexamples xof xeach.
19. Which xstatement x best x describes x a x negative x feedback x loop?
a. A x mechanism x that x reverses x a x deviation x from x the x set x point.
b. A x mechanism x that x eliminates x the x cause x of x the x deviation x from x the x set x point.
c. A x mechanism x that x replaces x molecules x required x by x the x body.
d. A x mechanism xthat x accelerates x the x production x of x hormones.
e. A x mechanism x that x freezes x the x cause x of x negative x impacts x to x the x body.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Blooms: x Remember
REFERENCES: 2.5 x Homeostasis
LEARNING x OBJECTIVES: x 2.5.2 x - x Explain x why x negative x feedback x is x the x most x common x mechanism
x used xto x maintain x homeostasis.
20. What x is x the x smallest x independently x functioning x unit x of x a x living x organism?
a. An x atom
b. A x molecule
c. A x cell
