Infection prevention and control exam 1 Questions with Correct and Verified Answers

Infection prevention and control exam 1 Questions with Correct and Verified Answers "What is the chain of infection? - Correct Answer 1. infectious agent (bacteria, virus, protozoa) 2. reservoir (has to have reservoir to grow--humans, animals, bigs, food, or water) 3. portal of exit (sneezing, coughing) 4. mode of transmission (you can touch it then put in mouth. organisms: need food, water, certain pH, dark and moist area) 5. portal of entry 6. host (have to be susceptible to infection **how it exits is same as entry***" "What are influencing factors? - Correct Answer -not well nourished -exhausted -stressed -smokers -medications" "What are some risk factors that make a person more susceptible to disease? - Correct Answer -very old and very young -at risk...chronic diseases -diabetes -immunodeficiency" "What are sites that can predispose patients to infection? - Correct Answer -surgical wounds -respiratory tract -genitourinary tract -invasive devices -bloodstream ---always have clean skin -venipuncture sites -total parenteral nutrition therapy (TPN) --gives nutrition through IV -implanted prosthetic devices" Professional standards and guidelines to help control infections - Correct Answer -the centers for disease control (CDC) -the agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) -JCAHO or TJC (the joint commission) -Quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN) -Public Health Department -American Nurses Association (ANA)" "What are defenses against infection? - Correct Answer -normal floras (help kill other bacteria that gets on body; microorganisms that don't cause problems -body system defenses (blinking, crying) -inflammation -vascular and cellular responses (if organisms stay where they are supposed to be, everything will be okay)" "What is the inflammation process? - Correct Answer -formation of inflammatory exudate --serous (clear fluid)** --sanguineous (blood)** --purulent (infection) -tissue repair --granulation (not as strong as original tissue) ---when you have a cut: body's natural response --brown, red, green; indicates infection systemic infection:cant control localized infection **natural inflammatory response" "What are the modes of transmission--contact? - Correct Answer -direct (physical contact ex: shaking hands with someone who is sick) -indirect (infectious agent deposited on object/surface ex: someone touches table after sick person leaves dirty tissues) -droplet (coughing, sneezing, or during suctioning ex: breathing dirty air, someone coughs in your face)" "what are the modes of transmission--non contact? - Correct Answer -airborne (droplet nuclei suspended in air that contain organisms, suspended in air for a longer period of time) -vehicle (single contaminated source spreads the infection ex: AIDS..some goes out of the country and has sex with someone with AIDS and brings it back and spreads it around the US) -vector-borne (transmission by insect or animals (lyme disease, rabies)" "What is the nursing process goal? - Correct Answer -prevention of the transmission of infection -goal: patient will be free from infection during hospital stay" "What are the interventions? - Correct Answer -hand hygiene (most important) -personal protective equipment -standard precautions -isolation" "What is hand hygiene? - Correct Answer -"foam in, foam out" -equally effective to hand washing (needs atleast 60%-90% of alcohol) -cannot be used if hands are visibly soiled -cannot be used for pts. with C.diff (alcohol doesn't kill spores) -technique (cover all surfaces of fingers and hands and rubs together until dry)" "When do you wash your hands? - Correct Answer -wash as soon as you go into room -wash hands before you leave the room -before you prepare food -after going to the bathroom -before/after dealing with a patient -before/after coming in contact with patients belongings" "When do you wash your hands continued.. - Correct Answer -before gloving -after glove removal -before and after touching face -before and after eating -visible dirt -after touching contaminated article" "When do you wear gloves? - Correct Answer -RF contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes or non-intact skin (cuts) -when handling items/surfaces soiled with blood or body fluids -not worn outside of patients room -do not wash gloves -change gloves as needed" "What is included in personal protective equipment (PPE)? - Correct Answer -gloves -gown -mask -eye protection" "What is the 1st tier in preventing transmission? - Correct Answer -standard precautions --hand washing --PPE --respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette --sharps container" "What is the 2nd tier of prevention transmission? - Correct Answer 3 transmission based categories of precaution 1. airborne 2. droplet 3. contact" "What is ariborne precautions? - Correct Answer transmission via exhalation and or ventilation systems --precautions include.. --private room --negative pressure room (air is filtered before going to the halls) --mask or respiratory protection devise N-95 respirator, depending on the condition (TB)" "What are droplet precautions? - Correct Answer -spread via moist droplet --transmission via coughing, sneezing (suspend up to 3 ft), touching contaminated objects -precautions include; private room or cohort patients, mask respirator ex: if you bring a pt. to an x-ray from isolation give them a mask to wear on the way" "What are contact precautions? - Correct Answer spreads by direct and indirect contact with patient and their environment -draining wounds, secretions, supplies -precautions include: private room or cohort patients )pt. w /same problem), gown and glove use, disposal of contaminated items in room -dedicated equipment" "What is protective isolation? - Correct Answer -"reverse" isolation -protects the client from organisms -used with immune-compromised client -precautions include: private room likely, nurse with active infection not assigned to clients, mask, hand washing/sterile gown, gloves, do not reuse gowns or gloves." "isolation basic principles - Correct Answer -good hand hygiene - proper disposal of contaminated supplies and equipment -use knowledge of disease process -protect all individuals" "What do you do while working in isolation rooms? - Correct Answer -delegation -equipment (take only what is necessary, make sure you don't forget anything, be organized!!) -PPE disposal -hand hygiene -close room door" "psycological implications of isolation - Correct Answer -loneliness -depression/anxiety -body image disturbance -interventions (make sure to interact and spend some extra time w the patient) --education (educate family before entering the room) --listen --no rushing through activities --increase sensory stimulation (open windows, drapes)" "Medical asespsis - Correct Answer clean" "surgical asepsis - Correct Answer sterile" "what techniques do you use for medical asepsis? - Correct Answer clean technique -hand hygiene -maintain clean environment -standard precautions AKA universal precautions -transmission-based precautions -protective isolation" "maintaining clean equipment - Correct Answer -eliminate reservoirs -discard contaminated articles properly -bathing -keep bedside surfaces clean and dry -do not leave bottled solutions open (discard according to policy) -dispose of drainage containers per policy -personal set of care items -use linen hampers in room" "infection prevention - Correct Answer -control entry portals -use lotion to prevent cracks in skin -do not position client on tubes or objects -never raise a drainage system above the level of the site being drained unless it is clamped off -minimize trauma from tubes by stabilizing catheters -dry, wrinkle free linen" "surgical asepsis=sterile technique - Correct Answer -Any surgical procedure use this technique -procedures that perforate skin --venipuncture --central intravenous lines (IV) --invasive procedures -urinary catheter insertion -nasotracheal suctioning -maintain sterility of equipment" "What does barrier equipment include? - Correct Answer -medical asepsis uses barrier equipment to prevent transmission from infected patient to self or other patients (PPE or PPB) -sterile asepsis used barrier equipment to prevent transmission from self and environment to patient -gowns -masks (regular masks with or without shield) -goggles -gloves--clean and sterile" "Client education - Correct Answer -client susceptibility -break chain of infection (teach patient what to look for to prevent infections) -health promotion --nutrition --hygiene (teach patient) --rest and sleep --exercise and activity --teach stress management --immunizations --no smoking" "Health Care Associated infections (nosocomial infections) - Correct Answer *an infection acquired in a health-care facility -high health care costs -leading cause of death -preventable with us of aseptic principles/techniques" "Health care associated infections (HCAI) - Correct Answer -majority of organisms causing nosocomial infections are found in colonized body --exogenous: found outside the body --endogenous:normal flora that becomes altered --latrogenic: caused by something we do-->invasive procedure **ex: MRSA, C.diff" "Common causes and sites of HCAI - Correct Answer -common causes: poor hand hygiene, improper procedural techniques (contamination or improper cleaning) -common sites: urinary tract, surgical sites, blood streams" "mismanagement of antibiotics - Correct Answer -using antibiotics to treat viral infections -prescribing antibiotic which is stronger than necessary -using prophylactically for too long -treating symptoms without obtaining culture -using long term antibiotics (Ex: for acne) -incomplete course of antibiotics (important to take all of antibiotic)" "drug resistant pathogens - Correct Answer -MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) -VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci ) in the G.I tract -C. Diff (clostridium difficile--Spore producing)" "What is MRSA? - Correct Answer -staph infection resistant to beta-lactim antibiotics -health care associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) --prevent pathogens in health care facilities --weakened immune systems -community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) --intact immune systems (sports equipment, gyms, prisons) **beta-lactim = penicillin" "how is MRSA transmitted? - Correct Answer -HANDS is the main mode of transmission -contact with contaminated (skin to skin) or object -contact isolation" "How to prevent MRSA? - Correct Answer -HANDWASHING -keep wounds clean -keep personal items personal -shower after athletic games or practices -sanitize linens -clean environmental surfaces -dedicated equipment -observe standard precautions -implement contact precautions for active infections" "VRE infection - Correct Answer -Vancomycin-resistant entercoccus -intestinal in origin -significant threat to high risk clients --hospitalized --critically ill-ICU --oncology patients --dialysis --immune disorders --those who have received multiple antibiotics --extended hospital stays **dangerous" "how is VRE transmitted? - Correct Answer -hands -clothing -stethoscopes -equipment -countertops, door handles, curtains, telephones" "how to prevent VRE - Correct Answer -hand washing -dedicated equipment -standard precautions -contact isolations -limit transport of patients -appropriate prescribing of antibiotics" "C. Diff - Correct Answer -clostridium difficle -gram-postive and anaerobic bacillus -clinical manifestations -watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain/tenderness **if symptoms appear and patient has been on antibiotics" "C. Diff transmission - Correct Answer -most susceptible include the elderly and prolonged use of antibiotics -transmission: HANDS, mouth-mucous membrane, any surface that becomes contaminated with feces may serve as a reservoir **contact precaution until is ruled out" "how to prevent C.diff - Correct Answer -wash hands and use soap and water!!! no alcohol based rubs or foam -clean surfaces in bathrooms, kitchens -use contact precautions -clean environmental services -judicious antibiotic use -isolation rooms -use dedicated equipment (do not take out equipment)" "What is the course of infection? - Correct Answer 1. incubation period: pathogens enters body prior to symptoms 2. prodromal stage: symptoms kind of start (no energy, tired) (miroraganism is multiplying) 3. illness stage: know what's going on, ex-sore throat 4. convalescence: symptoms and infections dissapear but illness is lingering" "What is the infection process? - Correct Answer -local/systemic (stays in one spot ex: UTI) -primary/secondary- Primary: infection happened there. secondary: antibiotics kill primary but cause another infection -acute/chronic (acute: rapid/onset Chronic: lasts for a long time ) -colonization (microorganism in body but not causing disease process ex: MRSA) -latent (lies dormant ex: TB has been cured but dormant and can be activated)" "Assessment--physical - Correct Answer -clinical appearance --intactness of 1st line of defense (any breaks in the skin, health status?) --local symptom of infection ---REDA (redness, edema, drainage, approximation) ---COCA (color, odor, consistency, amount) --systemic symptoms of infection --symptoms specific to body system involved" "assessment--physical (lab data) - Correct Answer -WBC=5,000 to 10,000 per microliter of blood (if WBC count goes up that means theres an infection somewhere) -ESR-presence of inflammation --culture reports (blood cultures, throats swabs" "Clinical manifestations--local - Correct Answer ex: infection in the thumb -redness -inflammation -heat -pain -drainage -movement -limitation" "clinical manifestations--systemic - Correct Answer -fever -fatigue (malaise) -nausea/vomiting -high HR and respirations -low BP **when heart rate goes up, BP goes down and decreases blood supply to the brain **older people don't get signs but changes in mental health ex: confusion"