Child Development Psychology Exam 1 Multiple Choices Questions And Clicker Questions and Verified Answers.

three grand theories - correct answer psychoanalytic, behaviorism, and cognitive theory psychoanalytic theory - correct answer Freud; irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlies all human behavior behaviorism theory - correct answer Watson; all behavior is learned, strongly rooted in verifiable data with controlled experiments cognitive theory - correct answer Piaget; focuses on changes in how people think over time Freud's stages of development - correct answer 1) oral 2) anal 3) phallic 4)latency 5) genital Erikson's stages of development - correct answer 1) trust vs. mistrust 2) autonomy vs. shame 3) initiative vs. guilt 4) industry vs. inferiority 5) identity vs. identity diffusion 6) intimacy vs. isolation 7) generatively vs. self-absorption 8) integrity vs. despair classical conditioning - correct answer neutral stimulus +meaningful stimuli + repeated application = neutral stimulus -> involuntary response operant conditioning - correct answer reinforcing or punishing voluntary behaviors reinforcement - correct answer behavior is followed by something desired to increase behavior punishment - correct answer behavior is followed by something unwanted to decrease behavior positive (in regards to reinforcement or punishment) - correct answer adding something negative (in regards to reinforcement or punishment) - correct answer taking something away social learning theory - correct answer emphasis on the influence that other people have on anothers behavior modeling - correct answer a person observes the behavior of others and then copies BoBo doll experiment - correct answer example of modeling, shows that aggression is learned Piaget's four stages of cognitive development - correct answer 1) sensorimotor stage 2) pre operational stage 3) concrete operational stage 4) formal operational stage sensorimotor stage (Piaget) - correct answer interaction with environment, object permanence pre operational stage (Piaget) - correct answer representing the world symbolically, pretend play concrete operational stage (Piaget) - correct answer learning rules, conservation formal operational stage (Piaget) - correct answer can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future schema - correct answer category of knowledge assimilation - correct answer taking in new information into our previously existing schemas accommodation - correct answer changing or altering our existing schemas equilibration - correct answer children attempt to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation eclectic perspective - correct answer psychotherapy technique that combines aspects of two or more different approaches to meet the needs of a client longitudinal study - correct answer same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed cross-sectional study - correct answer compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics (education, ethnicity, ect.) cross-sequential study - correct answer combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies empirical evidence - correct answer based on observation, experience, and/or experiments and not theories scientific method - correct answer theory -> research -> hypotheses -> data -> support, and if not -> revision of the theory confirmation bias - correct answer tendency to only focus on evidence that supports your ideas or your hypothesis qualitative research - correct answer describes particular conditions and ideas of participants (interviews, open ended questions, specific situational factors influencing an individual or group) quantitative research - correct answer provides data that is expressed with numbers (statistical differences, less open to interpretation) naturalistic observations - correct answer method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants behavior the hawthorne effect - correct answer the fact that people will behave differently if they know they're being watched independent variable - correct answer the one being changed or controlled to test the dependent variable dependent variable - correct answer the one that is being tested by using independent variables cohort - correct answer group of individuals that share a common demographic, experience or exposure over a particular time span (ex: people born in Africa between ) case studies - correct answer in-depth study of a single person, usually who has undergone some drastic event that was not caused purposefully (ex: Genie) Genie's story - correct answer young girl who was raised extremely neglected and isolated from any form of human interaction (both physical and verbal) critical period - correct answer time when a particular type of developmental growth (body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen (ex: language ~3yrs old)