NUR 529 EXAM 1 EXAM (ACTUAL EXAM)
WITH 150+ QUESTIONS WITH VERY
ELABORATED ANSWERS CORRECTRY WELL
ORGANIZED LATEST 2024 – 2025 ALREADY
GRADED A+
epilethial barriers - ANSWERS-Physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers
against microbial invasion are found in all common portals of entry into the body,
including the skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts. The intact
skin is by far the most formidable physical barrier available to infection because of
its design.
Sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells line and protect the gastrointestinal,
respiratory, and urogenital tracts and physically prevent microorganisms from
entering the body. These cells destroy the invading organisms by secreting
antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides. Specialized cells in these linings,
such as the goblet cells in the gastrointestinal tract, secrete a viscous material
comprised of high molecular weight glycoproteins known as mucin, which when
hydrated form mucus. The mucins bind to pathogens, thereby trapping them and
washing away potential invaders. In the lower respiratory tract, hairlike, mobile
structures called cilia protrude through the epithelial cells and move microbes
trapped in the mucus up the tracheobronchial tree and toward the throat. The
,physiologic responses of coughing and sneezing further aid in their removal from
the body.
active vs passive immunity - ANSWERS-Active immunity is acquired when the host
mounts an immune response to an antigen either through the process of
vaccination or from environmental exposure.
Passive immunity is immunity transferred from another source. The most
common form of passive immunity is that conferred from mother to fetus. During
fetal development, maternal IgG antibodies are transferred to the fetus via the
placenta. After birth, the neonate also receives IgG antibodies from the mother in
breast milk or colostrum. Therefore, infants are provided with some degree of
protection from infection for approximately 3 to 6 months, giving their own
immune systems time to mature. Some protection against infectious disease can
also be provided by the administration of Igs pooled from human or animal
sources. Passive immunity produces only short-term protection that lasts weeks
to months.
Clinical Manifestation - ANSWERS-make it evident that the person is sick (fever)
Diagnosis - ANSWERS-Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem.
Requires a careful history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests.
Clinical Course - ANSWERS-Describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can
have an acute, subacute, or chronic course. Acute disorder is relatively severe, but
self-limiting. Chronic disease implies a continuous, long-term process. Subacute
,disease is an intermediate or between acute and chronic; not as severe as an
acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic disease.
Primary Prevention - ANSWERS-directed at keeping disease from occurring by
removing risk factors (vaccination)
Secondary Prevention - ANSWERS-detects disease early when it is still
asymptomatic and treatment measures can effect a cure or stop the disease from
progressing (pap smear)
Pathogenesis - ANSWERS-explains how the disease process evolves. Sequence of
cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an
etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease.
Morphology - ANSWERS-Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. Changes are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic
changes that are characteristic of a disease.
Histology - ANSWERS-Deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of
body tissues. Sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of
cancers.
Reliability - ANSWERS-the extent to which an observation, when repeated, gives
the same result
, Validity - ANSWERS-the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is
intended to measure
Sensitivity - ANSWERS-determining the likelihood or how well the test or
observation identifies people with a disease
Specificity - ANSWERS-determining the likelihood or how well the test or
observation identifies people without a disease
Predictive value - ANSWERS-the extent to which an observation or test result is
able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition
Incidence - ANSWERS-the number of new cases arising in a population at risk
during a specified time
Prevalence - ANSWERS-a measure of existing disease in a population at a given
point in time
Morbidity - ANSWERS-describes the effects an illness has on a person's life
Mortality - ANSWERS-pertains to the causes of death in a given population
WITH 150+ QUESTIONS WITH VERY
ELABORATED ANSWERS CORRECTRY WELL
ORGANIZED LATEST 2024 – 2025 ALREADY
GRADED A+
epilethial barriers - ANSWERS-Physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers
against microbial invasion are found in all common portals of entry into the body,
including the skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts. The intact
skin is by far the most formidable physical barrier available to infection because of
its design.
Sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells line and protect the gastrointestinal,
respiratory, and urogenital tracts and physically prevent microorganisms from
entering the body. These cells destroy the invading organisms by secreting
antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides. Specialized cells in these linings,
such as the goblet cells in the gastrointestinal tract, secrete a viscous material
comprised of high molecular weight glycoproteins known as mucin, which when
hydrated form mucus. The mucins bind to pathogens, thereby trapping them and
washing away potential invaders. In the lower respiratory tract, hairlike, mobile
structures called cilia protrude through the epithelial cells and move microbes
trapped in the mucus up the tracheobronchial tree and toward the throat. The
,physiologic responses of coughing and sneezing further aid in their removal from
the body.
active vs passive immunity - ANSWERS-Active immunity is acquired when the host
mounts an immune response to an antigen either through the process of
vaccination or from environmental exposure.
Passive immunity is immunity transferred from another source. The most
common form of passive immunity is that conferred from mother to fetus. During
fetal development, maternal IgG antibodies are transferred to the fetus via the
placenta. After birth, the neonate also receives IgG antibodies from the mother in
breast milk or colostrum. Therefore, infants are provided with some degree of
protection from infection for approximately 3 to 6 months, giving their own
immune systems time to mature. Some protection against infectious disease can
also be provided by the administration of Igs pooled from human or animal
sources. Passive immunity produces only short-term protection that lasts weeks
to months.
Clinical Manifestation - ANSWERS-make it evident that the person is sick (fever)
Diagnosis - ANSWERS-Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem.
Requires a careful history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests.
Clinical Course - ANSWERS-Describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can
have an acute, subacute, or chronic course. Acute disorder is relatively severe, but
self-limiting. Chronic disease implies a continuous, long-term process. Subacute
,disease is an intermediate or between acute and chronic; not as severe as an
acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic disease.
Primary Prevention - ANSWERS-directed at keeping disease from occurring by
removing risk factors (vaccination)
Secondary Prevention - ANSWERS-detects disease early when it is still
asymptomatic and treatment measures can effect a cure or stop the disease from
progressing (pap smear)
Pathogenesis - ANSWERS-explains how the disease process evolves. Sequence of
cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an
etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease.
Morphology - ANSWERS-Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. Changes are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic
changes that are characteristic of a disease.
Histology - ANSWERS-Deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of
body tissues. Sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of
cancers.
Reliability - ANSWERS-the extent to which an observation, when repeated, gives
the same result
, Validity - ANSWERS-the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is
intended to measure
Sensitivity - ANSWERS-determining the likelihood or how well the test or
observation identifies people with a disease
Specificity - ANSWERS-determining the likelihood or how well the test or
observation identifies people without a disease
Predictive value - ANSWERS-the extent to which an observation or test result is
able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition
Incidence - ANSWERS-the number of new cases arising in a population at risk
during a specified time
Prevalence - ANSWERS-a measure of existing disease in a population at a given
point in time
Morbidity - ANSWERS-describes the effects an illness has on a person's life
Mortality - ANSWERS-pertains to the causes of death in a given population
