ESSENTIALS OF SOCIOLOGY A DOWN TO EARTH APPROACH 10TH EDITION BY JAMES M. HENSLIN – TEST BANK

1) Sociologist Erving Goffman (1963) used the term stigma to refer to characteristics that discredit people, including violations of norms of ability and violations of norms of appearance. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 154 Skill: Knowledge 2) Sociologically, an act cannot be classified as deviance if it does not cause physical or emotional harm to another individual. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 154 Skill: Application 3) Human sexuality illustrates how a group’s definitions of an act, and not the act itself, determines whether or not it is considered deviant. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155 Skill: Knowledge 4) Shaming is MOST effective as a sanction when it is used by a formal organization such as a court of common pleas or other public tribunal. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156 Skill: Comprehension 5) The theory of differential association suggests that people who associate with certain groups receive an “excess of definitions” about either deviance or conformity. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 157 Skill: Application 6) Labeling theory, differential association theory, and control theory all represent the conflict perspective. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157-159 Skill: Comprehension 7) Control theory relies on attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief to explain the social bonds people develop with their respective groups and society. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159 Skill: Knowledge 8) Stripping an individual of his or her identity as a group member is an example of using a degradation ceremony to brand someone as an outsider. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 160 Skill: Application 9) By employing techniques of neutralization, even the most dedicated deviants can view themselves as conformists. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161 Skill: Knowledge 10) Functionalists believe deviance has no useful purpose in society and only contributes to social chaos. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 Skill: Knowledge 11) Based on strain theory, there are four deviant models of adaptation and one mode considered to be socially acceptable. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 163-164 Skill: Comprehension 12) Based on the research of Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, the reasons urban youth join gangs include recreation, leisure, and to protect the community. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166 Skill: Knowledge 13) The text points out a number of high-profile examples of white-collar crime by large corporations for which violators never went to jail. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166-167 Skill: Comprehension 14) Crime “in the suites” (white-collar crime) actually costs the American taxpayer more in terms of dollars lost than “crime in the streets.” Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 Skill: Knowledge 15) Violent crime in America is rather consistent from state to state in terms of the number of incidents and ratio of incidents to the state’s population. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 Skill: Knowledge 16) Functionalists would contend that the growing crime rates among women are the result of changing social classes and gender roles giving women greater access to illegitimate opportunities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168 Skill: Comprehension 17) Although African Americans are disproportionately represented in the state prison population, the majority of prisoners are white. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 170 Skill: Knowledge 18) The chances of receiving the death penalty are greatly affected by geography (where the murder took place), social class, and gender. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174 Skill: Comprehension 19) According to Thomas Szasz, the medicalization of deviance has led to more accurate understanding of the causes of deviance. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 178 Skill: Knowledge 20) Because deviance is inevitable, the more important focus is to find ways to protect people from harmful deviant acts, to find ways to tolerate behavior that is not harmful, and to develop a system of fair treatment for deviants. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 180 Skill: Comprehension 6.2 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Napoleon Chagnon’s visit to the Yanomamö tribe, where he observed tribe members appearing naked in public, using hallucinogenic drugs, and letting mucus hang from their noses, is a good example of . 1. A) nonconforming behavior 2. B) the need for social sanctions 3. C) the cultural relativity of deviance 4. D) the need for absolute standards in defining deviance Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 153-154 Skill: Application 2) Violations of norms and rules that are written into law are officially called . 1. A) ethics 2. B) values 3. C) folkways 4. D) crimes Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 154 Skill: Knowledge 3) The concept of the relativity of deviance is BEST illustrated by which of the following statements? 1. A) It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant. 2. B) The nature of one’s behavior is the most important aspect in determining deviance. 3. C) Deviance is most related to functionalism because it creates a dysfunction for society. 4. D) Deviance is analogous to mental illness. Answer: A Diff: 6 Page Ref: 154 Skill: Evaluation 4) The relativity of deviance is MOST aligned with which sociological perspective? 1. A) structural functionalism 2. B) symbolic interactionism 3. C) the conflict perspective 4. D) the neo-conflict perspective Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 154 Skill: Comprehension 5) Erving Goffman used the term to refer to characteristics that discredit people. 1. A) master status 2. B) role 3. C) stigma 4. D) sanction Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 154 Skill: Comprehension 6) A group’s usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives, is called . 1. A) social control 2. B) sanction 3. C) social order 4. D) social guideline Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 156 Skill: Knowledge 7) What is a group’s formal and informal means of enforcing norms called? 1. A) social solidarity 2. B) the social imperative 3. C) social control 4. D) social bond Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156 Skill: Comprehension 8) Why did the “XYY” chromosome theory fall out of favor as an explanation for criminal behavior? 1. A) It was discovered there are no longer any XYY chromosome configurations among men. 2. B) Research did not support the theory. 3. C) The work of the theorist who proposed the theory was plagiarized. 4. D) The theory only explains deviant and criminal behavior among females. Answer: B Diff: 4 Page Ref: 156 Skill: Analysis 9) Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Middle East and are considered heroic warriors. Such honor and praise is an example of a . 1. A) positive sanction 2. B) negative sanction 3. C) degradation ceremony 4. D) shaming Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 156 Skill: Application 10) Explanations for deviance that focus on genetic predispositions to explain why individuals commit deviant acts are MOST aligned with which discipline? 1. A) sociobiology 2. B) sociology 3. C) psychology 4. D) anthropology Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156 Skill: Comprehension 11) Which of the following theories of deviance is LEAST associated with sociobiology? 1. A) intelligence theory: low intelligence leads to deviant and criminal behavior 2. B) social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers 3. C) XYY” theory: the extra Y chromosome in males causes criminal behavior 4. D) body type theory: people with muscular bodies are prone to be criminals Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 156-157 Skill: Application 12) The two disciplines that would be MOST concerned with addressing qualities within the individual to explain deviant behavior are and . 1. A) anthropology; sociology 2. B) sociology, psychology 3. C) sociobiology; psychology 4. D) criminology; political science Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157 Skill: Comprehension 13) The theory of behavior in which people who associate with some groups learn an “excess of definitions” of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant is . 1. A) conflict theory 2. B) social control theory 3. C) strain theory 4. D) differential association theory Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 157 Skill: Application 14) Differential association theory was developed by sociologist . 1. A) Robert K. Merton 2. B) Frank Tannenbaum 3. C) Walter Reckless 4. D) Edwin Sutherland Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157 Skill: Knowledge 15) Sociologists who believe we help to produce our own orientations to life by joining specific groups is MOST aligned with which sociological perspective? 1. A) functional 2. B) conflict 3. C) symbolic interactionist 4. D) neo-conflict Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157 Skill: Comprehension 16) Based on differential association theory, what is the MOST likely background shared by juvenile delinquents? 1. A) They come from regions populated by large numbers of minorities. 2. B) They are concentrated in urban areas with a population over 25,000. 3. C) They are common in families living in poverty. 4. D) They are from families that have a history of being involved in crime. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 158 Skill: Application 17) Inner and outer controls that work against our tendencies to deviate is known as what theory? 1. A) rationalization theory 2. B) judgment theory 3. C) self-control theory 4. D) control theory Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158 Skill: Knowledge 18) The sociologist responsible for developing one of the first control theories that addressed the inner controls of the individual and outer controls of society was . 1. A) Travis Hirschi 2. B) Jackson Toby 3. C) Walter Reckless 4. D) Ivan Nye Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159 Skill: Knowledge 19) According to control theory, when are inner controls MOST effective in deterring deviant behavior? 1. A) When we fear punishment from authorities such as parents or the court system. 2. B) In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society. 3. C) When they are applied to members of the middle or upper classes. 4. D) In situations where there is a strong police presence. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 159 Skill: Application 20) Susie is a first-year college student. Although she wants to be popular, she has refused invitations to attend underage drinking parties. Susie has a strong respect for authority, even when it conflicts with a simple matter such as attending a college party. Susie’s decision in this situation demonstrates a quality of control theory called . 1. A) pushes 2. B) inner control 3. C) formal control 4. D) pulls Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 159 Skill: Application 21) The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of theory. 1. A) strain 2. B) control 3. C) labeling 4. D) differential association Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 159 Skill: Comprehension 22) In which of the following settings would shaming be LEAST effective? 1. A) a family 2. B) a close knit society, such as the Amish 3. C) a small religious cult 4. D) a large inner-city neighborhood Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 160 Skill: Application 23) Ritualistic procedures intended to humiliate norm violators and mark them as being moral outcasts of the group to which they once belonged are called . 1. A) sanctions 2. B) profiling 3. C) degradation ceremonies 4. D) stereotyping Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 160 Skill: Application 24) The term degradation ceremony was coined by sociologist . 1. A) Harold Garfinkel 2. B) Erving Goffman 3. C) Talcott Parsons 4. D) Herbert Spencer Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 160 Skill: Knowledge 25) In The Scarlet Letter, why was Hester Prynne required to wear a scarlet “A” on her dress? 1. A) Sociologically, this served as a negative sanction and an example of shaming. 2. B) Psychologically, it provided her the opportunity to face what she had become. 3. C) It indicated she was at the head of her class in what she had done. 4. D) It was a “badge of honor” that many other women wished they could achieve. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 160 Skill: Application 26) In an effort to resist the label of “deviant,” most people will develop rationales to justify their deviant acts. Sykes and Matza refer to these rationales as . 1. A) ideologies 2. B) techniques of neutralization 3. C) strategies of justification 4. D) labeling Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161 Skill: Comprehension 27) Matthew and Ryan are devout Christian Fundamentalists and believe that homosexuality is against God’s will and that homosexuals deserve to be punished. They spend a couple of evenings each week in gay bashing activities that include physical violence and verbal assaults. Based on their rationalization, which technique of neutralization is MOST applicable for Matthew and Ryan to maintain positive self-images? 1. A) denial of a victim 2. B) denial of injury 3. C) denial of responsibility 4. D) condemn the condemner Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 161 Skill: Application 28) When Anthony worked as a prison counselor, he would often ask property offenders why they committed the crime. The overwhelming response was, “I had to feed my family.” How would Sykes and Matza classify this response? 1. A) denial of responsibility 2. B) appeal to higher loyalties 3. C) condemnation of the condemners 4. D) denial of injury Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 161 Skill: Application 29) The early sociologist who argued that deviance might be functional for society was . 1. A) Max Weber 2. B) Henri Saint Simon 3. C) Emile Durkheim 4. D) Karl Marx Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 Skill: Knowledge 30) Which type of sociologists would consider deviance to be a natural part of society? 1. A) functionalists 2. B) symbolic interactionists 3. C) conflict theorists 4. D) neo-conflict theorists Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 163 Skill: Application 31) All of the following theories follow the principles of symbolic interactionism EXCEPT for which one? 1. A) differential association theory 2. B) control theory 3. C) labeling theory 4. D) strain theory Answer: D Diff:3 Page Ref: 163 Skill: Application 32) The theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them. 1. A) illegitimate opportunity 2. B) strain 3. C) labeling 4. D) control Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 Skill: Knowledge 33) According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This sense of normlessness is referred to as . 1. A) anomie 2. B) latent dysfunction 3. C) mass hysteria 4. D) retreatism Answer: A Diff:2 Page Ref: 163 Skill: Comprehension 34) John desires the best things in life—a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than work his way through the system, he has discovered he can have all these things by selling crack cocaine in the inner city. How would Merton classify John? 1. A) a ritualist 2. B) a conformist 3. C) a rebel 4. D) an innovator Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 164 Skill: Application 35) Based on Merton’s typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common? 1. A) They all conformists. 2. B) They are all retreatists. 3. C) They are all rebels. 4. D) They are all ritualists. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 164 Skill: Application 36) According to Cloward and Ohlin, what is the underlying cause of deviance and delinquency in unstable slums of a city? 1. A) illegitimate opportunity structures 2. B) the racial composition of the city 3. C) a rival struggle for power 4. D) unethical police behavior Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 165 Skill: Comprehension 37) Cloward and Ohlin addressed the street hustler as a role model for youth and the methods used to earn easy money through a life of crime. What did they call this career path of delinquency? 1. A) containment theory 2. B) social bond theory 3. C) the theory of differential association 4. D) illegitimate opportunity structure Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 165 Skill: Knowledge 38) The term white-collar crime was coined by sociologist to refer to crimes that people of respectable social status commit in the course of their occupation. 1. A) Robert Merton 2. B) Frank Tannenbaum 3. C) Erving Goffman 4. D) Edwin Sutherland Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166 Skill: Knowledge 39) All of the following acts qualify as white-collar crime EXCEPT . 1. A) a bank teller robbing the First National bank 2. B) bribing a police officer to refrain from writing a speeding ticket 3. C) an executive writing off the corporation’s million-dollar fine as investment capital 4. D) a businessperson classifying parking tickets as job hunting expenses on an income tax return Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166 Skill: Comprehension 40) According to sociologist Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, boys in urban areas are motivated to join gangs for a number of reasons. Which of the following reasons LEAST qualifies as one of the reasons Jankowski discovered why urban youth join gangs? 1. A) to escape broken homes 2. B) access to money 3. C) to help the community 4. D) recreational opportunity Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166 Skill: Knowledge 41) Based on the 2011 edition of the Statistical Abstract in the United States, the state with the lowest rate of violent crime in America is , while the state with the highest rate of violent crime is . 1. A) Wyoming; New York 2. B) Montana; New Jersey 3. C) Colorado; California 4. D) Maine; Nevada Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 Skill: Knowledge 42) The crime with the highest increase among women between 1992 and 2009 was . 1. A) drug offenses 2. B) stolen property 3. C) bank robbery 4. D) murder Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 168 Skill: Knowledge 43) Sociologists who view law as an instrument of oppression used to control workers are aligned most with which sociological perspective? 1. A) the functionalist perspective 2. B) the conflict perspective 3. C) the symbolic interactionist perspective 4. D) the structuralist perspective Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 168-169 Skill: Application 44) How would conflict theorists classify migrant workers, seasonal employees, and members of the workforce who are subject to layoffs? 1. A) bourgeoisie 2. B) proletariat 3. C) petty bourgeoisie 4. D) working poor Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 169 Skill: Application 45) What are the two MOST significant “anchors” that insulate a person from a life of crime and imprisonment? 1. A) a good lawyer and big expense account 2. B) neighborhood and income 3. C) race and ethnicity 4. D) marriage and education Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 170 Skill: Knowledge 46) What is the MOST common martial status found among inmates in U.S. state prisons? 1. A) married