Motorische Controle en Leren
Inhoudsopgave
Afbakening en definiëring .............................................................................................................................. 5
‘Vaardigheid’ en ‘beweging’ .......................................................................................................................... 5
‘Skills’ en ‘abilities’ ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Evenwicht................................................................................................................................................... 7
Fleischman (je moet er een paar kunnen opnoemen) ............................................................................. 8
van ability naar motorische vaardigheid ................................................................................................... 9
Taakanalyse................................................................................................................................................ 9
Vaardigheidsprocessen ................................................................................................................................ 10
Vaardigheidscomponenten.......................................................................................................................... 10
Classificaties van gedrag .............................................................................................................................. 10
EXAMEN! Taxonomie van Gentile (2000) .................................................................................................... 11
Meten van motorische vaardigheden.......................................................................................................... 12
Productvariabelen........................................................................................................................................ 12
Reactietijd ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Eendimensionale foutscores .................................................................................................................... 13
Tweedimensionale foutscores ................................................................................................................. 13
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ............................................................................................................. 14
Procesvariabelen.......................................................................................................................................... 14
Coördinatie .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Brain imaging technieken: ........................................................................................................................... 16
Elektro-encefalogram (EEG) ..................................................................................................................... 16
Positron Emission Tomografie (PET) ........................................................................................................ 16
Functionele Magnetische Resonantie Imaging (fMRI) ............................................................................. 17
BESLUIT: Toepasbaarheid voor motor control: ....................................................................................... 17
Fitts’ Law: Speed-accuracy trade-off ........................................................................................................... 18
illustratie (Latash & Jaric, 2002)............................................................................................................... 19
Coördinatie .................................................................................................................................................. 19
Het probleem van de vrijheidsgraden ......................................................................................................... 20
Oplossing 1: centrale sturing ................................................................................................................... 21
Motorisch programma ................................................................................................................................. 21
Enkele modellen van centrale sturing ......................................................................................................... 21
Gegeneraliseerd motorisch programma = GMP (Schmidt, 1975) ............................................................... 22
1
, Gegeneraliseerd motorisch programma (nu?) ....................................................................................... 22
GMP theorie: de grammofoon-analogie.................................................................................................. 23
GMP bij bipedale locomotie .................................................................................................................... 23
Programma: pro en contra .......................................................................................................................... 24
Experiment 1: pro programmeren ........................................................................................................... 24
Experiment 2: pro programmeren ........................................................................................................... 24
Experiment 3: pro programmeren ........................................................................................................... 24
Bewust en onbewust bijsturen .................................................................................................................... 25
Reflexmatige bijsturing ............................................................................................................................ 25
Programmeren en/of bijsturen? .................................................................................................................. 26
Productscores .......................................................................................................................................... 26
Processcores ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Het probleem van de vrijheidsgraden Oplossing 2: perifere autonomie ............................................... 27
Dynamische systeem theorie = ecologische benadering ............................................................................. 27
Niet-lineariteit: Het ruitenwisser-experiment van Kelso ........................................................................ 29
Attractoren en hysteresis .................................................................................................................... 29
Dynamical systems bij bipedale locomotie.............................................................................................. 30
Zelforganisatie ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Coördinatieve structuren ......................................................................................................................... 30
Ecologische benadering: koppeling waarnemen - handelen ................................................................... 31
Visuele flow.......................................................................................................................................... 31
Terminologie: perceptie....................................................................................................................... 31
Indelingen informatie .................................................................................................................................. 33
Indelingen informatie .................................................................................................................................. 34
Tactiele informatie ................................................................................................................................... 34
Proprioceptieve informatie...................................................................................................................... 35
Proprioceptie in motor control ............................................................................................................ 35
Proprioceptie: effecten ........................................................................................................................ 35
Visueel systeem ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Visus en motor control ........................................................................................................................ 36
Etappes in informatieverwerking ............................................................................................................ 37
Stimulus Identificatie ........................................................................................................................... 37
Respons Selectie / Programmering...................................................................................................... 38
Toetsen van informatieverwerking...................................................................................................... 38
Soorten reactietijden ........................................................................................................................... 38
Beïnvloedende factoren van informatieverwerking ................................................................................ 39
2
, Aantal S-R mogelijkheden ........................................................................................................................ 39
RT bij meerkeuze ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Aandacht ...................................................................................................................................................... 40
Psychologische Refractaire Periode ......................................................................................................... 41
Aandacht .................................................................................................................................................. 41
Samenvatting aandacht ........................................................................................................................... 42
Implicaties voor de praktijk ..................................................................................................................... 42
Geheugen ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
Korte Termijn Sensorische Opslagplaats ................................................................................................. 43
Korte Termijn Geheugen.......................................................................................................................... 43
Lange Termijn Geheugen ......................................................................................................................... 44
Geheugen: overzicht ................................................................................................................................ 44
Posturaal evenwicht .................................................................................................................................... 45
Actie-voorbereiding ................................................................................................................................. 46
Handenstand ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Stappen en lopen ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Visuele input ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Toepassing: stappen bij patiënten met Parkinson............................................................................... 50
Wijzen, reiken, grijpen en vangen ............................................................................................................... 50
Visus en ‘prehension’ ................................................................................................................................... 51
Wat is motorisch leren? ............................................................................................................................... 52
Leren afleiden uit transfer ....................................................................................................................... 54
Etappes in leren: inleiding ........................................................................................................................... 56
Fitts & Posner (1967!): kenmerken .............................................................................................................. 56
Fitts & Posner (1967): relevantie ................................................................................................................. 57
Gentile (2000): 2 stadia................................................................................................................................ 57
Veranderingen tijdens leerproces ............................................................................................................... 58
1. Mate van vooruitgang ....................................................................................................................... 58
2. Stabiliteit – instabiliteit – stabiliteit .................................................................................................. 59
3. Daling van cognitieve belasting ......................................................................................................... 59
4. Kennis en kennisstructuur ................................................................................................................. 59
5. Foutendetectie en –verbetering ....................................................................................................... 60
6. Manier van bereiken van doel........................................................................................................... 60
7. Verandering in coördinatie................................................................................................................ 60
8. Energieverbruik (bewegingsefficiëntie) ............................................................................................ 61
9. Spiergebruik ...................................................................................................................................... 61
3
, 10. Verandering in visuele aandachtspunten.......................................................................................... 61
Wat is feedback? .......................................................................................................................................... 62
Categorieën van feedback ........................................................................................................................... 62
Hoe werkt feedback? ................................................................................................................................... 62
!! Nuttig? Nodig? Overbodig? Schadelijk? ................................................................................................... 63
Inhoud van Feedback .................................................................................................................................. 64
1. Kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve FB......................................................................................................... 64
3. Knowledge of Result (KR) en Knowledge of Performance (KP) ......................................................... 65
3. Positieve en negatieve FB .................................................................................................................... 65
4. GMP en parameter FB ......................................................................................................................... 65
5. Richting en precisie .............................................................................................................................. 66
6 Prescriptieve en descriptieve FB ........................................................................................................... 66
7. Overbodige en verkeerde FB ............................................................................................................... 66
Timing van feedback: tijdens of na? ............................................................................................................ 66
Timing van feedback: frequentie? ............................................................................................................... 66
Organisatie van een oefensessie ................................................................................................................. 69
8 basisconcepten oefensessie ..................................................................................................................... 69
Examen......................................................................................................................................................... 75
4
Inhoudsopgave
Afbakening en definiëring .............................................................................................................................. 5
‘Vaardigheid’ en ‘beweging’ .......................................................................................................................... 5
‘Skills’ en ‘abilities’ ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Evenwicht................................................................................................................................................... 7
Fleischman (je moet er een paar kunnen opnoemen) ............................................................................. 8
van ability naar motorische vaardigheid ................................................................................................... 9
Taakanalyse................................................................................................................................................ 9
Vaardigheidsprocessen ................................................................................................................................ 10
Vaardigheidscomponenten.......................................................................................................................... 10
Classificaties van gedrag .............................................................................................................................. 10
EXAMEN! Taxonomie van Gentile (2000) .................................................................................................... 11
Meten van motorische vaardigheden.......................................................................................................... 12
Productvariabelen........................................................................................................................................ 12
Reactietijd ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Eendimensionale foutscores .................................................................................................................... 13
Tweedimensionale foutscores ................................................................................................................. 13
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ............................................................................................................. 14
Procesvariabelen.......................................................................................................................................... 14
Coördinatie .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Brain imaging technieken: ........................................................................................................................... 16
Elektro-encefalogram (EEG) ..................................................................................................................... 16
Positron Emission Tomografie (PET) ........................................................................................................ 16
Functionele Magnetische Resonantie Imaging (fMRI) ............................................................................. 17
BESLUIT: Toepasbaarheid voor motor control: ....................................................................................... 17
Fitts’ Law: Speed-accuracy trade-off ........................................................................................................... 18
illustratie (Latash & Jaric, 2002)............................................................................................................... 19
Coördinatie .................................................................................................................................................. 19
Het probleem van de vrijheidsgraden ......................................................................................................... 20
Oplossing 1: centrale sturing ................................................................................................................... 21
Motorisch programma ................................................................................................................................. 21
Enkele modellen van centrale sturing ......................................................................................................... 21
Gegeneraliseerd motorisch programma = GMP (Schmidt, 1975) ............................................................... 22
1
, Gegeneraliseerd motorisch programma (nu?) ....................................................................................... 22
GMP theorie: de grammofoon-analogie.................................................................................................. 23
GMP bij bipedale locomotie .................................................................................................................... 23
Programma: pro en contra .......................................................................................................................... 24
Experiment 1: pro programmeren ........................................................................................................... 24
Experiment 2: pro programmeren ........................................................................................................... 24
Experiment 3: pro programmeren ........................................................................................................... 24
Bewust en onbewust bijsturen .................................................................................................................... 25
Reflexmatige bijsturing ............................................................................................................................ 25
Programmeren en/of bijsturen? .................................................................................................................. 26
Productscores .......................................................................................................................................... 26
Processcores ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Het probleem van de vrijheidsgraden Oplossing 2: perifere autonomie ............................................... 27
Dynamische systeem theorie = ecologische benadering ............................................................................. 27
Niet-lineariteit: Het ruitenwisser-experiment van Kelso ........................................................................ 29
Attractoren en hysteresis .................................................................................................................... 29
Dynamical systems bij bipedale locomotie.............................................................................................. 30
Zelforganisatie ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Coördinatieve structuren ......................................................................................................................... 30
Ecologische benadering: koppeling waarnemen - handelen ................................................................... 31
Visuele flow.......................................................................................................................................... 31
Terminologie: perceptie....................................................................................................................... 31
Indelingen informatie .................................................................................................................................. 33
Indelingen informatie .................................................................................................................................. 34
Tactiele informatie ................................................................................................................................... 34
Proprioceptieve informatie...................................................................................................................... 35
Proprioceptie in motor control ............................................................................................................ 35
Proprioceptie: effecten ........................................................................................................................ 35
Visueel systeem ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Visus en motor control ........................................................................................................................ 36
Etappes in informatieverwerking ............................................................................................................ 37
Stimulus Identificatie ........................................................................................................................... 37
Respons Selectie / Programmering...................................................................................................... 38
Toetsen van informatieverwerking...................................................................................................... 38
Soorten reactietijden ........................................................................................................................... 38
Beïnvloedende factoren van informatieverwerking ................................................................................ 39
2
, Aantal S-R mogelijkheden ........................................................................................................................ 39
RT bij meerkeuze ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Aandacht ...................................................................................................................................................... 40
Psychologische Refractaire Periode ......................................................................................................... 41
Aandacht .................................................................................................................................................. 41
Samenvatting aandacht ........................................................................................................................... 42
Implicaties voor de praktijk ..................................................................................................................... 42
Geheugen ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
Korte Termijn Sensorische Opslagplaats ................................................................................................. 43
Korte Termijn Geheugen.......................................................................................................................... 43
Lange Termijn Geheugen ......................................................................................................................... 44
Geheugen: overzicht ................................................................................................................................ 44
Posturaal evenwicht .................................................................................................................................... 45
Actie-voorbereiding ................................................................................................................................. 46
Handenstand ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Stappen en lopen ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Visuele input ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Toepassing: stappen bij patiënten met Parkinson............................................................................... 50
Wijzen, reiken, grijpen en vangen ............................................................................................................... 50
Visus en ‘prehension’ ................................................................................................................................... 51
Wat is motorisch leren? ............................................................................................................................... 52
Leren afleiden uit transfer ....................................................................................................................... 54
Etappes in leren: inleiding ........................................................................................................................... 56
Fitts & Posner (1967!): kenmerken .............................................................................................................. 56
Fitts & Posner (1967): relevantie ................................................................................................................. 57
Gentile (2000): 2 stadia................................................................................................................................ 57
Veranderingen tijdens leerproces ............................................................................................................... 58
1. Mate van vooruitgang ....................................................................................................................... 58
2. Stabiliteit – instabiliteit – stabiliteit .................................................................................................. 59
3. Daling van cognitieve belasting ......................................................................................................... 59
4. Kennis en kennisstructuur ................................................................................................................. 59
5. Foutendetectie en –verbetering ....................................................................................................... 60
6. Manier van bereiken van doel........................................................................................................... 60
7. Verandering in coördinatie................................................................................................................ 60
8. Energieverbruik (bewegingsefficiëntie) ............................................................................................ 61
9. Spiergebruik ...................................................................................................................................... 61
3
, 10. Verandering in visuele aandachtspunten.......................................................................................... 61
Wat is feedback? .......................................................................................................................................... 62
Categorieën van feedback ........................................................................................................................... 62
Hoe werkt feedback? ................................................................................................................................... 62
!! Nuttig? Nodig? Overbodig? Schadelijk? ................................................................................................... 63
Inhoud van Feedback .................................................................................................................................. 64
1. Kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve FB......................................................................................................... 64
3. Knowledge of Result (KR) en Knowledge of Performance (KP) ......................................................... 65
3. Positieve en negatieve FB .................................................................................................................... 65
4. GMP en parameter FB ......................................................................................................................... 65
5. Richting en precisie .............................................................................................................................. 66
6 Prescriptieve en descriptieve FB ........................................................................................................... 66
7. Overbodige en verkeerde FB ............................................................................................................... 66
Timing van feedback: tijdens of na? ............................................................................................................ 66
Timing van feedback: frequentie? ............................................................................................................... 66
Organisatie van een oefensessie ................................................................................................................. 69
8 basisconcepten oefensessie ..................................................................................................................... 69
Examen......................................................................................................................................................... 75
4
