The impact of historical
and cultural changes, and
the social and ethical
issues on sport and
exercise development in
the UK
, • Religious groups were particularly keen to promote the
value of new codified forms of sports because they saw
as promoting positive values that were beneficial to socie
and as an antidote to drinking, gambling, violence and
promiscuity. In particular, the 1860s saw a movement ca
‘Muscular Christianity’ which occurred mainly in the pu
schools, such as Rugby School, that were developing as
Religion result of increased affluence in society. At Rugby Scho
the headmaster, Thomas Arnold, banned violent team sp
like hunting and shooting because he saw them as being
incompatible with gentlemanly behaviour. Team sports w
suitable for promoting the ideals of Muscular Christian
because players learnt the values of fitness, effort,
commitment and strength. These sports prepared Christi
for the challenges facing them in the world and promoted
values of Christianity