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Summary Designing Business Applications. Grade :9.4
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Summary Designing BusinessApplications
Summary Software Engineering
H1 Introduction
Software engineering
Software engineering is an engineering discipline whose focus is the cost effective development of
high-quality software systems. Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned
with all aspects of software production from the early stages of system specification to maintaining
the system after it has gone into use.
A software system usually consists of a number of separate programs, configuration files, which are
used to set up these programs, system documentation, which describes the structure of the system,
and user documentation, which explains how to use the system and web sites for users to download
recent product information.
Software engineers are the developers of software products. There are two types of software
products:
Generic products: These are stand-alone systems that are produced by a development
organisation and sold on the open market to any customer who is able to buy them.
Customised products: These are systems which are commissioned by a particular customer.
A software contractor develops the software especially for that customer.
An important difference between these types of software is that, in generic products, the
organization that develops the software controls the software specification.
The attributes of good software are:
A software process is the set of activities and associated results that produce a software product.
There are four fundamental process activities:
1. Software specification, where customers and engineers define the software to be produced
and the constraints on its operation.
, 2. Software development, where the software is designed and programmed.
3. Software validation, where the software is checked to ensure that it is what the customer
requires.
4. Software evolution, where the software is modified to adapt it to changing customer and
market requirements.
Difference between software engineering and computer science: Essentially, computer science is
concerned with the theories and methods that underlie computers and software systems, whereas
software engineering is concerned with the practical problems of producing software.
Difference between software engineering and system engineering: System engineering is concerned
with all aspects of the development and evolution of complex systems where software plays a major
role. System engineers are involved in specifying the system, defining its overall architecture and
then integrating the different parts to create the finished system. They are less concerned with the
engineering of the system components (hardware, software, etc.).
Software engineering in the 21st century faces three key challenges:
1. The heterogeneity challenge: Increasingly, systems are required to operate as distributed
systems across networks that include different types of computers and with different kinds of
support systems. It is often necessary to integrate new software with older legacy systems
written in different programming languages. The heterogeneity challenge is the challenge of
developing techniques for building dependable software that is flexible enough to cope with
this heterogeneity.
2. Business and social change: Many traditional software engineering techniques are time-
consuming. The time they take is required to achieve software quality. However, businesses
today must be responsive and change very rapidly. The delivery challenge is the challenge of
shortening delivery times for large and complex systems without compromising system
quality.
3. The security and trust challenge: As software is intertwined with all aspects of our lives, it is
essential that we can trust that software. This is especially true for remote software systems
accessed through a web page or web service interface. The trust challenge is to develop
techniques that demonstrate that software can be trusted by its users.
The fundamental notions of software engineering are:
1. Process
2. Dependability
3. Requirements
4. Management
5. Reuse
Software applications
There are many types of different applications including:
1. Stand-alone applications: Applications that run on a local computer. Do not need to be
connected to a network. Example: CAD programs, photo manipulation software.
2. Interactive transaction-based applications: These are applications that execute on a remote
computer and that are accessed by users from their own PCs or terminals. These include web
applications such as e-commerce applications.
, 3. Embedded control systems: These are software control systems that control and manage
hardware devices. Numerically, there are probably more embedded systems than any other
type of system. Examples: the software in a mobile (cell) phone, software that controls anti-
lock braking in a car.
4. Batch processing systems: These are business systems that are designed to process data in
large batches. Example: periodic billing system.
5. Entertainment systems: These are systems that are primarily for personal use and which are
intended to entertain the user. Most of these systems are games of one kind or another.
6. Systems for modelling and simulation: These are systems that are developed by scientists
and engineers to model physical processes or situations, which include many, separate,
interacting objects.
7. Data collection systems: These are systems that collect data from their environment using a
set of sensors and send that data to other systems for processing. The software has to
interact with sensors and often is installed in a hostile environment such as inside an engine
or in a remote location.
8. Systems of systems: These are systems that are composed of a number of other software
systems. Some of these may be generic software products, such as a spreadsheet program.
There are three types of systems:
1. An embedded system: This is a system where the software controls a hardware devices and
is embedded in that device. E.g. you use a software system to control a medical device.
2. An information system: This is a system whose primary purpose is to manage and provide
access to a database of information. Issues in information systems include security, usability,
privacy, and maintaining data integrity.
3. A sensor-based data collection system: This is a system whose primary purpose is to collect
data from a set of sensors and process that data in some way. The key requirements of such
systems are reliability, even in hostile environmental conditions, and maintainability.
Ethical code for software engineers
Professional responsibility (Ethics) are expected from a software engineer in forms of:
1. Confidentiality: You should normally respect the confidentiality of your employers or clients
irrespective of whether or not a formal confidentiality agreement has been signed.
2. Competence: You should not misrepresent your level of competence. You should not
knowingly accept work that is outside your competence.
3. Intellectual property rights: You should be aware of local laws governing the use of
intellectual property such as patents and copyright.
4. Computer misuse: You should not use your technical skills to misuse other people’s
computers.
Organizations such as the ACM, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers), and the
British Computer Society publish a code of professional conduct or code of ethics for software
engineers.
, FAQ H1
H2 Software processes
Software process models
A software process model is a simplified description of a software process that presents one view of
that process. Process models may include activities that are part of the software process, software
products and the roles of people involved in software engineering.
Most software process models are based on one of three general models or paradigms of software
development:
1. The waterfall approach: Uses separate process phases such as requirements specification,
software design, implementation, testing and finally operation and maintenance. After each
stage is ‘signed-off’, development goes on to the following stage.
o Because of the costs of producing and approving documents, iterations can be costly
and involve significant rework.
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