SOLUTION MANUAL FOR JA JA
AnJAIntroductionJAtoJAPhysicalJAScienceJA15thJAEditionJAJamesJAShipman,JAJerryJAD.JAWilson,JACharlesJ
AA.JAHiggins,JABoJALou
ChapterJA1-
24
Chapter 1 JA
MEASUREMENT
ChapterJA1JAisJAimportantJAbecauseJAallJAquantitativeJAknowledgeJAaboutJAourJAphysicalJAenviron
mentJAisJAbasedJAonJAmeasurement.JASomeJAchapterJAsectionsJAhaveJAbeenJAreorganizedJAandJArewritt
,enJAforJAclarity.JATheJA1.2JASection,JA―ScientificJAInvestigation,‖JAintroducesJAtheJAstudentJAtoJAtheJApro
ceduresJAforJAscientificJAinvestigation.J A MajorJAtermsJAsuchJAasJAexperiment,JAlaw,JAhypothesis,JAtheo
ryJAandJAscientificJAmethodJAareJAintroduced.JATheJAideaJAthatJAphysicalJAscienceJAdealsJAwithJAquantit
ativeJAknowledgeJAshouldJAbeJAstressed.JAItJAisJAnotJAenoughJAtoJAknowJAthatJAaJAcarJAisJAgoingJA―fast‖
;JAitJAisJAnecessaryJAtoJAknowJAhowJAfast.
AJAgoodJAunderstandingJAofJAunitsJAisJAofJAtheJAutmostJAimportance,JAparticularlyJAwithJAtheJA
metric-
BritishJAuseJAinJAtheJAUnitedJAStatesJAtoday.JATheJAmetricJASIJAisJAintroducedJAandJAexplained.JABothJA
JA
theJAmetricJAandJAtheJABritishJAsystemsJAareJAusedJAinJAtheJAbookJAinJAtheJAearlyJAchaptersJAforJAfamilia
rity.JATheJAinstructorJAmayJAdecideJAtoJAdoJAexamplesJAprimarilyJAinJAtheJAmetricJAsystem,JAbutJAtheJAst
udentJAshouldJAgetJAsomeJApracticeJAinJAconvertingJAbetweenJAtheJAsystems.JAThisJAprovidesJAknowle
dgeJAofJAtheJAcomparativeJAsizeJAofJAsimilarJAunitsJAinJAtheJAdifferentJAsystemsJAandJAmakesJAtheJAstud
entJAfeelJAcomfortableJAusingJAwhatJAmayJAbeJAunfamiliarJAmetricJAunits.JATheJAHighlight,JA―IsJAUnitJA
ConversionJAImportant?JAItJASureJAIs,‖JAillustratesJAtheJAimportanceJAofJAunitJAconversion.
TheJAgeneralJAthemeJAofJAtheJAchapterJAandJAtheJAtextbookJAisJAtheJAstudents’JApositionJAinJAhi
sJAorJAherJAphysicalJAworld.JAShowJAtheJAstudentsJAthatJAtheyJAknowJAaboutJAtheirJAenvironmentJAandJA
themselvesJAthroughJAmeasurements.JAMeasurementsJAareJAinvolvedJAinJAtheJAanswersJAtoJAsuchJAques
tionsJAas,JAHowJAoldJAareJAyou?JAHowJAmuchJAdoJAyouJAweigh?JAHowJAtallJAareJAyou?JAWhatJAisJAtheJAn
ormalJAbodyJAtemperature?
HowJAmuchJAmoneyJAdoJAyouJAhave?JATheseJAandJAmanyJAotherJAtechnicalJAquestionsJAareJAresolvedJAo
rJAansweredJAbyJAmeasurementsJAandJAquantitativeJAanalyses.
DEMONSTRATIONS
HaveJAaJAmeterJAstick,JAaJAyardstick,JAaJAtimer,JAoneJAorJAmoreJAkilogramJAmasses,JAaJAone-
literJAbeakerJAorJAaJAliterJAsodaJAcontainer,JAaJAone-
quartJAcontainer,JAandJAaJAbalanceJAorJAscalesJAavailableJAonJAtheJAinstructor’sJAdesk.JADemonstrateJAth
eJAcomparativeJAunits.JATheJAmeterJAstickJAcanJAbeJAcomparedJAtoJAtheJAyardstickJAtoJAshowJAtheJAdiffer
enceJAbetweenJAthem,JAalongJAwithJAtheJAsubunitsJAofJAinchesJAandJAcentimeters.JATheJAliterJAandJAquar
tJAalsoJAcanJAbeJAcompared.JAPassJAtheJAkilogramJAmassJAaroundJAtheJAclassroomJAsoJAthatJAstudentsJAca
nJAgetJAsome
,ideaJAofJAtheJAamountJAofJAmassJAinJAoneJAkilogram.JAMassJAandJAweightJAmayJAbeJAcomparedJAonJAtheJA
balanceJAandJAscales.
WhenJAdiscussingJASectionJA1.6,JA―DerivedJAUnitsJAandJAConversionJAFactors,‖JAhaveJAclas
sJAmembersJAguessJAtheJAlengthJAofJAtheJAinstructor’sJAdeskJAinJAmetricJAandJABritishJAunits.JAThenJAhav
eJAseveralJAstudentsJAindependentlyJAmeasureJAtheJAlengthJAwithJAtheJAmeterJAstickJAandJAyardstick.JA
CompareJAtheJAmeasurementsJAinJAtermsJAofJAsignificantJAfiguresJAandJAunits.JACompareJAtheJAaverag
esJAofJAtheJAmeasurementsJAandJAestimates.JAConvertJAtheJAaverageJAmetricJAmeasurementJAtoJABritishJ
Aunits,JAandJAviceJAversa,JAtoJApracticeJAconversionJAfactorsJAandJAtoJAseeJAhowJAtheJAmeasurementsJAc
ompare.
VariousJAmetricJAunitJAdemonstrationsJAareJAavailableJAfromJAcommercialJAsources.
ANSWERSJATOJAMATCHINGJAQUESTIONS
a.JA15J A J A b.JA8J A J A c.JA10J A J A d.JA2J A J A e.JA19J A J A f.JA14 g.JA21 h.JA13 i.JA18 j.JA6J A J A k.JA11 l.JA3
m.JA12 n.JA1 o.JA9
p.JA4J A J A q.JA23 r.JA17 s.JA5 t.JA20J A J A u.JA16 v.JA22 w.JA7
ANSWERSJATOJAMULTIPLE-CHOICEJAQUESTIONS
1.c 2.JAb 3.JAc 4.JAb 5.JAb 6.JAc 7.JAd 8.JAbJ A J A 9.JAd 10.JAc 11.JAb 12.JAbJ A J A 13.JAaJ A 14.JAb
ANSWERSJATOJAFILL-IN-THE-BLANKJAQUESTIONS
1.JAbiological 2.JAhypothesis 3.JAscientificJAmethod 4.JAsight,JAhearing 5.JAlimitations 6.JAless
7.JAlonger 8.JAfundamental 9.JAtimeJAorJAsecond 10.JAone-billion,JA109 11.JAliter
12.JAmass 13.JAless
ANSWERSJATOJASHORT-ANSWERJAQUESTIONS
1. AnJAorganizedJAbodyJAofJAknowledgeJAaboutJAtheJAnaturalJAuniverseJAbyJAwhichJAknowledgeJAisJAa
cquiredJAandJAtested.
2. Physics,JAchemistry,JAastronomy,JAmeteorology,JAandJAgeology.
3. TheJA5JAelementsJAofJAscientificJAmethodJAare:
1. ObservationsJAandJAMeasurements,
2. Hypothesis,
3. Experiments,
4. Theory,JAand
5. Law.
4. Hypothesis
, 5. AJAlawJAisJAaJAconciseJAstatementJAaboutJAaJAfundamentalJArelationshipJAofJAnature.JAAJAtheoryJAi
sJAaJAwell-JAtestedJAexplanationJAofJAaJAbroadJAsegmentJAofJAnaturalJAphenomena.
6. ItJAillustratesJAtheJAneedJAtoJAimproveJAtheJAstandardJAofJAeducationJAamongJAtheJAgeneralJApubli
cJAandJAtoJAemphasizeJAtheJAimportanceJAofJAaJAwell-developedJAscientificJAmethod.
7. Sight,JAhearing,JAtouch,JAtaste,JAandJAsmell.
8. TheyJAhaveJAlimitationsJAandJAcanJAbeJAdeceived,JAthusJAprovidingJAfalseJAinformationJAab
outJAourJAenvironment.
9. (a)JANo.J A (b)JAYes.J A (c)JALowerJAline.
10. AJAfixedJAandJAreproducibleJAvalue.
11. TheyJAareJAtheJAmostJAbasicJAquantitiesJAofJAwhichJAweJAcanJAthink.JAAndJAtheyJAareJAnotJAdepe
ndentJAonJAotherJAphysicalJAquantities.
12. AJAgroupJAofJAstandardJAunitsJAandJAtheirJAcombinations.
13. mile/hour
14. No,JAtheJAUnitedJAStatesJAisJAtheJAonlyJAmajorJAcountryJAthatJAhasJAnotJAgoneJAcompletelyJAmetric.
15. Kilogram,JAaJAplatinum-iridiumJAcylinder.
16. Mass.JAWeightJAvariesJAwithJAgravity.
17. Meter-kilogram-second,JAInternationalJASystemJAofJAUnits,JAandJAcentimeter-gram-second.
18. BaseJA10JAeasierJAtoJAuseJA(factorsJAofJA10).
19. kilo-JA(k),JAmega-JA(M),JAmilli-JA(m),JAmicro-JA(µ)
20. MassJAofJAaJAcubicJAliterJAofJAwater.
21. kg/cubicJAmeter.
22. ThreeJAfundamentalJAquantitiesJAgenerallyJAusedJAare:JALength(m),JAMass(Kg),JA
andJATime(s).
23. TheJAcompactnessJAofJAmatter.
24. ItJAisJAgivenJAaJAnewJAname.
25. No.JAAnJAequationJAmustJAbeJAequalJAinJAmagnitudeJAandJAunits.
26. Yes.JAAndJAitJAcouldJAbeJAconfusedJAwithJA―meters‖JAinsteadJAofJA―miles.‖
27. ToJAexpressJAmeasuredJAnumbersJAproperly.
28. TheJA3JArulesJAforJAdeterminingJAsignificantJAfiguresJAare:
1. Non-zeroJAdigitsJAareJAalwaysJAsignificant,
AnJAIntroductionJAtoJAPhysicalJAScienceJA15thJAEditionJAJamesJAShipman,JAJerryJAD.JAWilson,JACharlesJ
AA.JAHiggins,JABoJALou
ChapterJA1-
24
Chapter 1 JA
MEASUREMENT
ChapterJA1JAisJAimportantJAbecauseJAallJAquantitativeJAknowledgeJAaboutJAourJAphysicalJAenviron
mentJAisJAbasedJAonJAmeasurement.JASomeJAchapterJAsectionsJAhaveJAbeenJAreorganizedJAandJArewritt
,enJAforJAclarity.JATheJA1.2JASection,JA―ScientificJAInvestigation,‖JAintroducesJAtheJAstudentJAtoJAtheJApro
ceduresJAforJAscientificJAinvestigation.J A MajorJAtermsJAsuchJAasJAexperiment,JAlaw,JAhypothesis,JAtheo
ryJAandJAscientificJAmethodJAareJAintroduced.JATheJAideaJAthatJAphysicalJAscienceJAdealsJAwithJAquantit
ativeJAknowledgeJAshouldJAbeJAstressed.JAItJAisJAnotJAenoughJAtoJAknowJAthatJAaJAcarJAisJAgoingJA―fast‖
;JAitJAisJAnecessaryJAtoJAknowJAhowJAfast.
AJAgoodJAunderstandingJAofJAunitsJAisJAofJAtheJAutmostJAimportance,JAparticularlyJAwithJAtheJA
metric-
BritishJAuseJAinJAtheJAUnitedJAStatesJAtoday.JATheJAmetricJASIJAisJAintroducedJAandJAexplained.JABothJA
JA
theJAmetricJAandJAtheJABritishJAsystemsJAareJAusedJAinJAtheJAbookJAinJAtheJAearlyJAchaptersJAforJAfamilia
rity.JATheJAinstructorJAmayJAdecideJAtoJAdoJAexamplesJAprimarilyJAinJAtheJAmetricJAsystem,JAbutJAtheJAst
udentJAshouldJAgetJAsomeJApracticeJAinJAconvertingJAbetweenJAtheJAsystems.JAThisJAprovidesJAknowle
dgeJAofJAtheJAcomparativeJAsizeJAofJAsimilarJAunitsJAinJAtheJAdifferentJAsystemsJAandJAmakesJAtheJAstud
entJAfeelJAcomfortableJAusingJAwhatJAmayJAbeJAunfamiliarJAmetricJAunits.JATheJAHighlight,JA―IsJAUnitJA
ConversionJAImportant?JAItJASureJAIs,‖JAillustratesJAtheJAimportanceJAofJAunitJAconversion.
TheJAgeneralJAthemeJAofJAtheJAchapterJAandJAtheJAtextbookJAisJAtheJAstudents’JApositionJAinJAhi
sJAorJAherJAphysicalJAworld.JAShowJAtheJAstudentsJAthatJAtheyJAknowJAaboutJAtheirJAenvironmentJAandJA
themselvesJAthroughJAmeasurements.JAMeasurementsJAareJAinvolvedJAinJAtheJAanswersJAtoJAsuchJAques
tionsJAas,JAHowJAoldJAareJAyou?JAHowJAmuchJAdoJAyouJAweigh?JAHowJAtallJAareJAyou?JAWhatJAisJAtheJAn
ormalJAbodyJAtemperature?
HowJAmuchJAmoneyJAdoJAyouJAhave?JATheseJAandJAmanyJAotherJAtechnicalJAquestionsJAareJAresolvedJAo
rJAansweredJAbyJAmeasurementsJAandJAquantitativeJAanalyses.
DEMONSTRATIONS
HaveJAaJAmeterJAstick,JAaJAyardstick,JAaJAtimer,JAoneJAorJAmoreJAkilogramJAmasses,JAaJAone-
literJAbeakerJAorJAaJAliterJAsodaJAcontainer,JAaJAone-
quartJAcontainer,JAandJAaJAbalanceJAorJAscalesJAavailableJAonJAtheJAinstructor’sJAdesk.JADemonstrateJAth
eJAcomparativeJAunits.JATheJAmeterJAstickJAcanJAbeJAcomparedJAtoJAtheJAyardstickJAtoJAshowJAtheJAdiffer
enceJAbetweenJAthem,JAalongJAwithJAtheJAsubunitsJAofJAinchesJAandJAcentimeters.JATheJAliterJAandJAquar
tJAalsoJAcanJAbeJAcompared.JAPassJAtheJAkilogramJAmassJAaroundJAtheJAclassroomJAsoJAthatJAstudentsJAca
nJAgetJAsome
,ideaJAofJAtheJAamountJAofJAmassJAinJAoneJAkilogram.JAMassJAandJAweightJAmayJAbeJAcomparedJAonJAtheJA
balanceJAandJAscales.
WhenJAdiscussingJASectionJA1.6,JA―DerivedJAUnitsJAandJAConversionJAFactors,‖JAhaveJAclas
sJAmembersJAguessJAtheJAlengthJAofJAtheJAinstructor’sJAdeskJAinJAmetricJAandJABritishJAunits.JAThenJAhav
eJAseveralJAstudentsJAindependentlyJAmeasureJAtheJAlengthJAwithJAtheJAmeterJAstickJAandJAyardstick.JA
CompareJAtheJAmeasurementsJAinJAtermsJAofJAsignificantJAfiguresJAandJAunits.JACompareJAtheJAaverag
esJAofJAtheJAmeasurementsJAandJAestimates.JAConvertJAtheJAaverageJAmetricJAmeasurementJAtoJABritishJ
Aunits,JAandJAviceJAversa,JAtoJApracticeJAconversionJAfactorsJAandJAtoJAseeJAhowJAtheJAmeasurementsJAc
ompare.
VariousJAmetricJAunitJAdemonstrationsJAareJAavailableJAfromJAcommercialJAsources.
ANSWERSJATOJAMATCHINGJAQUESTIONS
a.JA15J A J A b.JA8J A J A c.JA10J A J A d.JA2J A J A e.JA19J A J A f.JA14 g.JA21 h.JA13 i.JA18 j.JA6J A J A k.JA11 l.JA3
m.JA12 n.JA1 o.JA9
p.JA4J A J A q.JA23 r.JA17 s.JA5 t.JA20J A J A u.JA16 v.JA22 w.JA7
ANSWERSJATOJAMULTIPLE-CHOICEJAQUESTIONS
1.c 2.JAb 3.JAc 4.JAb 5.JAb 6.JAc 7.JAd 8.JAbJ A J A 9.JAd 10.JAc 11.JAb 12.JAbJ A J A 13.JAaJ A 14.JAb
ANSWERSJATOJAFILL-IN-THE-BLANKJAQUESTIONS
1.JAbiological 2.JAhypothesis 3.JAscientificJAmethod 4.JAsight,JAhearing 5.JAlimitations 6.JAless
7.JAlonger 8.JAfundamental 9.JAtimeJAorJAsecond 10.JAone-billion,JA109 11.JAliter
12.JAmass 13.JAless
ANSWERSJATOJASHORT-ANSWERJAQUESTIONS
1. AnJAorganizedJAbodyJAofJAknowledgeJAaboutJAtheJAnaturalJAuniverseJAbyJAwhichJAknowledgeJAisJAa
cquiredJAandJAtested.
2. Physics,JAchemistry,JAastronomy,JAmeteorology,JAandJAgeology.
3. TheJA5JAelementsJAofJAscientificJAmethodJAare:
1. ObservationsJAandJAMeasurements,
2. Hypothesis,
3. Experiments,
4. Theory,JAand
5. Law.
4. Hypothesis
, 5. AJAlawJAisJAaJAconciseJAstatementJAaboutJAaJAfundamentalJArelationshipJAofJAnature.JAAJAtheoryJAi
sJAaJAwell-JAtestedJAexplanationJAofJAaJAbroadJAsegmentJAofJAnaturalJAphenomena.
6. ItJAillustratesJAtheJAneedJAtoJAimproveJAtheJAstandardJAofJAeducationJAamongJAtheJAgeneralJApubli
cJAandJAtoJAemphasizeJAtheJAimportanceJAofJAaJAwell-developedJAscientificJAmethod.
7. Sight,JAhearing,JAtouch,JAtaste,JAandJAsmell.
8. TheyJAhaveJAlimitationsJAandJAcanJAbeJAdeceived,JAthusJAprovidingJAfalseJAinformationJAab
outJAourJAenvironment.
9. (a)JANo.J A (b)JAYes.J A (c)JALowerJAline.
10. AJAfixedJAandJAreproducibleJAvalue.
11. TheyJAareJAtheJAmostJAbasicJAquantitiesJAofJAwhichJAweJAcanJAthink.JAAndJAtheyJAareJAnotJAdepe
ndentJAonJAotherJAphysicalJAquantities.
12. AJAgroupJAofJAstandardJAunitsJAandJAtheirJAcombinations.
13. mile/hour
14. No,JAtheJAUnitedJAStatesJAisJAtheJAonlyJAmajorJAcountryJAthatJAhasJAnotJAgoneJAcompletelyJAmetric.
15. Kilogram,JAaJAplatinum-iridiumJAcylinder.
16. Mass.JAWeightJAvariesJAwithJAgravity.
17. Meter-kilogram-second,JAInternationalJASystemJAofJAUnits,JAandJAcentimeter-gram-second.
18. BaseJA10JAeasierJAtoJAuseJA(factorsJAofJA10).
19. kilo-JA(k),JAmega-JA(M),JAmilli-JA(m),JAmicro-JA(µ)
20. MassJAofJAaJAcubicJAliterJAofJAwater.
21. kg/cubicJAmeter.
22. ThreeJAfundamentalJAquantitiesJAgenerallyJAusedJAare:JALength(m),JAMass(Kg),JA
andJATime(s).
23. TheJAcompactnessJAofJAmatter.
24. ItJAisJAgivenJAaJAnewJAname.
25. No.JAAnJAequationJAmustJAbeJAequalJAinJAmagnitudeJAandJAunits.
26. Yes.JAAndJAitJAcouldJAbeJAconfusedJAwithJA―meters‖JAinsteadJAofJA―miles.‖
27. ToJAexpressJAmeasuredJAnumbersJAproperly.
28. TheJA3JArulesJAforJAdeterminingJAsignificantJAfiguresJAare:
1. Non-zeroJAdigitsJAareJAalwaysJAsignificant,
