GRST Final Exam Questions And Correct Answers

GRST Final Exam Questions And Correct Answers3rd century roman grave markers - ANSWER - We start to see grave markers accompanied by inscriptions, often including biographical data about the deceased- Funerary inscriptions start to give us a good amount of information; we have morethanhalf a million Roman inscriptions, not all funerary, spanning ~3rd century BCE- 3rdcentury CE The Twelve Tables - ANSWER - A formal code of laws was drawn up - perhaps under Greek influence - c. 450 BCE; the statutes were engraved on twelve bronze plates whichwere mounted in the Roman Forum - the city's central public space - and knownastheTwelve Tables - The bronze plates have not survived but several of the statutes survive in the writingof later Roman authors - Sometimes the laws mention elements of society that correspond with the 'historical' tradition for the 5th century BCE, mention of patricians and plebeians for exampleAccuracy of history of early roman republic - ANSWER - It is impossible to knowjust howmuch of the 'history' of the early Republic is 100% reliable; maybe much of it, maybesome of it, perhaps reliable in the 'big picture' but not in the detail. We do agree that by the 3rd century BCE Rome is one of the most populated cities intheMediterranean world, having 60,000-90,000 people, By the 3rd century BCE, Rome does appear to be in control of pretty much all of thepeninsula of Italy By the 3rd century BCE, Rome does appear to have access to a large army it cancall upon, perhaps 500,000 troops Social factors (Why Rome was Successful) - ANSWER - Romans found peaceful solutions to socio-economic friction in their own society 5th-4th centuries BCE, resolution of Struggle of the Orders • Plebeians continue to support the state AGRADESTUVIA STORE 2025 ALL THE BESTAGRADESTUVIA STORE 2 DO NOT COP- Settlements of Romans in colonies (better land) at key strategic places outside of Rome Diplomatic factors (Why Rome was Successful) - ANSWER Romans harnessed thestrength of defeated opponents, made alliances with varying degrees of rights Military factors (Why Rome was Successful) - ANSWER Romans invented newtechnologies and used new strategies Scutum - ANSWER (an oblong shield), protected more of the body than hoplite or Macedonian shield - individual protection Testudo - ANSWER tactical group protection in which legions would forma tortoiseshell shape with their shields Roman army innovations - ANSWER - Different classes of soldiers (divisions accordingto skill and age); different weaponry and armour, different uses - Maniple a very flexible military organization; small units more manoeuvrable andresponsive than the phalanx - Two-Legion Consular Army (i.e. one each consul, two legions) - High discipline, harsh punishments for offenders (including beatings to death of individuals, decimation of maniples) - Road system; speedy conveyance of troops and supplies - The Roman army is still filled by conscription at this time; four legions chosen everyyear - disbanded after that year's campaigns - State pay introduced about end of 5th century BCE, but still not a 'professional army' triarii - ANS Veterans who served as the third line and fought only in times of great need. These were the greatest veterans and had the largest strongest armour principes - ANS Larger shields and heavy armer. These were more elite warriors AGRADESTUVIA STORE 2025 ALL THE BESTAGRADESTUVIA STORE 3 DO NOT COPhastati - ANS Small breast plate, one shin guard. carried spears and formed the secondline of attack. velites - Roman skirmishers - lightly-armed infantrymen who fought as individuals infront of the triplex acies. Rome and Carthage - While Rome has been growing another power had been growinginthe western Mediterranean from about 800 BCE Carthage, in North Africa, had been colonized by settlers from Tyre in Phoenicia; weshall see that the Romans use the term 'Punic' about them - this is just a Latin corruptionof the word Phoenician The Carthaginians were active traders, controlled many of the trading posts andshipping routes; they often prevented others trading by treaties and aggression Carthage - ANSWER Appears to have suffered internal woes at the hands of the stateFor some time it seems Carthage and Rome were on relatively good terms-after all, thetwo powers allied against Pyrrhus of Epirus in the 270's BCE-but in 264 BCEthey fought the first of three wars known as the Punic Wars punic wars - ANSWER - Conflict between two major cities, Rome and Carthage, andtheir allies - Major Events: • First Punic War (264-241 BCE) • Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) • Third Punic War (149-146 BCE) Major literary sources for the punic wars - ANSWER • Polybius (Greek, c. 200-118BCE, eyewitness to Third Punic War) AGRADESTUVIA STORE 2025 ALL THE BESTAGRADESTUVIA STORE 4 DO NOT COP- Livy (Roman, 59 BCE - 17CE, not an eyewitness account, winning side) No Carthaginian literary evidence - as of ten no Persian, Spartan, Etruscan etc. Beginning of first punic war - ANSWER - Flashpoint - Messana in Sicily, local conflict, different sides appeal to Carthage or to Rome 264 BCE debate at Rome if Carthaginians control Messana they could proceed toItalysenate votes for war In actuality, Rome had been gearing up for war for generations; allying with the enemyof your enemy was convenient cover for aggressive imperialism 264-241 BCE Events of first punic war -ANSWER- 264 BCE Rome defeats Carthaginians at MessanaCarthaginian general crucified 263 BCE Syracuse switches alliance from Carthage to Rome; becomes important Roman supply base for ~ 50 years - 263-262 BCE Romans follow Carthaginians across the west; Agrimentumis besieged; Carthaginians flee, though the city falls and is brutally treated by the Romans Carthaginians do not again invade by land; Rome devotes attention to the equippingof her fleet - 262-261 BCE ~100 warships constructed; quinquiremes, Invention of corvus (lit.'crow') plank with a spike that can be dropped onto enemy ship, creating a gangway for passage of troops; allowed a 'land battle' on a ship--get theideafrom the Syracusans Corvus - ANSWER The device that allowed the Romans to board enemy ships. Was along plank with a spike on the end. Eventually abandoned as it made the ships top heavy and a lot sank in rough seas. First Roman victory at sea - ANSWER 260 BCE First Roman victory at sea at Mylae, off northern Sicily AGRADESTUVIA STORE 2025 ALL THE BESTAGRADESTUVIA STORE 5 DO NOT COPTake prows of Punic ships as prizes; hang them from the speaker's podiumat Rome竜ater called the rostrum) Later events of the first punic war - ANSWER - 257 BCE Rome invades North Africa; initial victory, but Carthaginians hire a Spartan general to drill a citizen army andtheRomans are beaten badly in their next battle - Large portion of Roman fleet destroyed in a storm; decide to abandon corvus as making the warships too top-heavy - 249 BCE Hamilcar Barca (c. 275-228 BCE) sent to Sicily to challenge Rome on land, but is left stranded when Carthaginian senate withdraws support for the action; he continues with guerilla action - 242 BCE Rome borrows money from its own aristocracy to rebuild the fleet; haveadecisive naval victory - 241 BCE Treaty between Rome (the winners) and Carthage (who must accept terms) First Punic War Carthage results - ANSWER Has to pay enormous indemnity to Rome; 2200 talents silver (~ 56 tons) in 20 years (later changed to 3000 talents in 10 years) Revolts among unpaid troops Trade monopoly broken Turns towards expandingterritory in Africa and Spain First Punic War Roman Outcomes - ANSWER - Confiscates Sicily, an important sourceof grain, first Roman provincia ('province', 'territory') outside of Italian peninsula, beginning of Roman Empire; except for Syracuse! - Culturally, Rome had conquered a Greek culture; soldiers return home with Greekideas resulting in Hellenism - Later, conquest of Corsica and Sardinia in 238 BCE, due to weakened Carthage, andproblems with its (mostly) mercenary army; these become a second Roman provinciaEvents leading to Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) - ANSWER Saguntumthe spark, but: - Rome suspicious of Carthaginian intentions - Cathage had recovered militarily fromFirst Punic War - Others, especially Massilius (Marseilles) pushing Rome to act against Carthage, AGRADESTUVIA STORE 2025 ALL THE BESTAGRADESTUVIA STORE 6 DO NOT COPbecause they feared Carthaginian intentions Carthage wanting revenge from First Punic War - their monetary losses, loss of Corsicaand Sardinia, Hannibal's inherited hatred Second Punic War Strategies - ANSWER - Hannibal wants to fight Rome in Italy - Rome is potentially a manpower a 10x large manpower and fighting in Italy wouldreduce odds - He also suspected that people who are unhappy with the Roman government wouldbreak alliances and join him. - Rome wants to take the war to the Carthaginians - Plan to send a fleet and army to strike directly at Carthage - Plan to send a smaller fleet and army over to Spain, to hold Hannibal there - Hannibal plans surprise attack; sets out on an overland invasion of Italy 218 BCE Hannibal - QUESTION - 218 BCE Hannibal crosses the Alps, fighting his waytotop against resistance from mountain tribes - Is severely checked in downwar