Een samenvatting met de belangrijkste termen van de module English Speaking World. 2 boek samenvattingen van zowel de geschiedenis van Engeland als de geschiedenis van Amerika.
England was not an island at first but became separated from Europe later by the last ice
age. The first people of England were hunter and gatherers. Because England became an
island and lost some of its climate features deer and other animals died out. The first ‘new
people’ arrived in England by boat, probably from Spain of northern Africa. The South was
good for farming, but eventually became over-farmed. There was not enough food for
everyone.
The chalkland people built Stonehenge as political, economic and religious center. The
precise purpose remains a mystery. In the second phase of building, stones were brought in
from Wales what expresses that Stonehenge must have had an enormous political
influence.
After a while, the Beaker people came into England. They were strong and had good military
and metalworking skills. They brought Barley with them, a grain that grows almost
everywhere. They replaced the stone tools with bronze ones but respected many of the old
ways.
Around 1300 bc the henge civilization lost its significance and made place for a new social
system: a settled farming class. Farming society first served the purpose of feeding the
people of a henge but became more important and powerful over time. The political power
shifted to the East and hill-forts took over from the henges as political power centers.
Around 700bc the Celts came into England. They were technically advanced, knew how to
work with iron and by this how to make better tools and weapons. They soon controlled
England, which lasted around 700 hundred years. We do not know much about the Celts.
They are the ancestor of many people in highland Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Cornwall.
The Celts were divided in tribes and trade played a vital part in their economy. They were
ruled by a warrior class in which the druid (priest) held an important role. Druids didn’t
write their knowledge down but past in on from druid to druid orally. They had gatherings
once in a while. Woman were very emancipated in the Celt culture and there are many
known female warriors.
The name ‘Britain’ comes from pretani, the Greco-Roman word for the inhabitants of
Britain. It was mispronounced by the Romans and called the island Britannia.
The Romans invaded Celtic-Britain because they conspired with the Celts of Gaul against
them. Besides this, they wanted their food and fertile ground to feed their own army (to
fight the Gaul army). The Roman army was much stronger and soon controlled Britain. The
romans brought the skills of reading and writing with them. As the empire fell, their hold of
Britain too.
, The Romans never succeeded in conquering ‘Caledonia’ -> Scotland. They eventually built a
wall between Britannia and Scotland, what later on would also form the border between
England and Scotland.
The Romans built many towns in Britain and left about twenty large towns. Many of these
towns were first army camps, castra in Latin. You can see this origin in the names of still
existing towns such as: Gloucester, Chester, Winchester, Lancaster, etc. There were also
‘’villas’’, large farms.
The Saxon invasion
Chapter 2:
Britain was invaded by three Germanic tribes: The Jutes, The Angles, and the Saxons. These
tribes meant war and were illiterate.
The invaders named Britain ‘England’ -> land of the Angles.
The Celts were slowly defeated and driven in the south (Wales, meaning land of the
foreigners) and the North (Scotland).
You can see the influence of the Anglo-Saxons today in the names of the week (named after
Germanic gods), and many city names. The ending -ing stood for family, the town Reading
was owned by the Rada family. Hastings of the family of Hasta, etc. Ham meant farm and
Ton meant settlement. Here you can think of Birmingham, Southampton, and Nottingham.
The Anglo-Saxons established a number of kingdoms with Mercia, Wessex, and Northumbria
as the most prominent ones. Mercia had a very powerful king ‘Offa’, he claimed ‘’Kingship of
the English’ but Mercia lost most of its power after his death.
The Saxons shifted from the old idea that a man’s first duty was to his own family to loyalty
to the lord and king.
The Saxons created institutions such as the Kings council, called the Witan.
The Saxons divided the country in shires, counties, and the word ‘sheriff’ comes from ‘shire
reeve’ (the kings local administrator).
The Saxons influenced the agriculture by inventing a large plow. This plow wasn’t easily
turned so the land was divided in large strips. The plow required more oxen and familes
usually ended up sharing them. All this caused the farmers working more closely than ever.
In 597 pope Gregory the Great send over a monk (Augestine) to re-establish Christianity in
England. The Anglo-Saxons easily believed in the faith but the Celts were more hesitant. Not
after too long England was Christian. Saxon kings helped Christianity grow and in return the
church supported the king, making it harder to question his power. Kings had ‘gods
approval’. This was important because there was not yet a succession established. King Offa
arranged that his son would be king after his death and that the ceremony would be
Christian.
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