The document titled "The Solid State Notes Chemistry" is expected to contain comprehensive and well-written notes on the topic of "Solid State" within the field of Chemistry. The description implies that it covers fundamental concepts, theories, and information related to the solid state of matter ...
The Solid State Notes Chemistry
1. Solids are substances which have fixed shape
and volume. 1’hey are characterised by rigidity, incompressibility, slow diffusion and
mechanical strength. They are classified as:
(a) Crystalline solids
(b) Amorphous solids .
2. The crystalline solids are further classified as:
(a) Metallic solids
(b) Ionic solids
(c) Covalent solids
(d) Molecular solids
3. A regular three dimensional arrangement of points in space is called a space
lattice or crystal lattice. There are only 14 three-dimensional lattices known as
Bravais lattices. The basic difference between the 14 Bravais lattices are the angles
between the faces and the relative proportion of the sides.
4. A unit cell is the smallest unit of the crystal which when repeated again and again
gives the crystal of the given substance.
5. There are three types of unit cells based on the cube. These are:
(a) Primitive or simple cube which has one constituent at each comer.
(b) Body-centred cube in which one constituent at the centre of the cube as well as
one at each comer.
(c) Face-centred cube in which there is one constituent at the centre of each face as
well as one at each comer.
6. A pure metal in the solid crystalline state is composed of atoms that are identical
in shape and size. The identical spheres can be packed in a number of ways.
7. The number of nearest neighbours of an atom, ion or a molecule is called its
coordination number.
8. In the hcp and ccp structures, about 74 percent of the available space is occupied
by the spheres. In bcc arrangement, about 68 percent of the available space is filled
up. In simple cubic structures, about 52.4 percent of the available space is occupied
by the spheres.
9. The density of the unit cell,
10. Any departure from perfectly ordered arrangement of atoms or ions in crystals is
called imperfection or defects. These are of two types:
(a) Point defects (b) Line defects
11. Schottky defects occurs when a pair of ions of opposite charge, i.e., cations and
anions are missing from the ideal lattice. The presence of a large number of schottky
defects lowers the density of a crystal, e.g., AgBr.
12. The atoms or ions which occupy the normally vacant interstitial sites in a crystal
are known as interstitials. It results in increase in density of crystal.
13. Frenkel defects is a combination of schottky defects and interstitials. It occurs
when an ion leaves its position in the lattice and occupies an interstitial site leaving a
gap in the crystal.
14. Non-stoichiometric defects are a large number of inorganic solids in which the
ratio of the number of atoms of one kind to the number of atoms of the other kind
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