OCR A Level PE revision notes - Emergence and Evolution of Sport

Mob football

Réponse: 1. Mob football was played by peasants/lower class, 2. the sport had little or few verbal rules with little to no equipment. Therefore, the sport was violent and cruel which led to better entertainment thus the gentry/upper class wagered on the sport. 3. In 1314 King Edward II tried to ban the sport but failed, the origins of mob football is not clear but it is said to have originated from the Norman invasion in France.

Characteristics of real tennis

Réponse: 1. Real Tennis was a very complex and sophisticated sport, 2. it was played by rags and riches including Henry VIII. 3. The equipment used was very expensive and the rules were complex and written so that lower classes could not understand how to play.

Factors affecting participation in pre-industrial british sport

Réponse: 1. Social class 2. Gender 3. Transport 4. Education and Literacy 5. Law and Order 6. Time 7. Money

Social class

Réponse: 1. Lower class played mob football, cock fighting and prize fighting. 2. These sports were simple ruled and were very violent. 3. Upper classes played sophisticated sports such as Real Tennis or Fox hunting. 4. These games had complex rules and were less violent. 5. Both classes took part in Pedestrianism and cricket. 6. However, lower classes often did the jobs that upper classes didn’t want to do.

Gender

Réponse: 1. Sport was very male dominated, females played less demanding sports such as archery or smock racing. 2. Lower class women did smock racing and upper class women did archery.

Post-industrial Britain

Réponse: 1. The Post-industrial revolution saw the development of railways, roads, towns and even cities. 2. Factories were a very keen investment for the upper class and railways travel became more and more popular. 3. Urbanisation occurred which sparked a large number of changes in society, in particular sports became more codified and professional.

Factors affecting participation of sport in post-industrial Britain

Réponse: 1. Social class 2.Gender 3. Transport 4. Education and Literacy 5. Law and Order 6. Time 7. Money

Social class

Réponse: 1. The middle class was introduced, a class who were mainly factory owners and managers. 2. They aimed to seek rational recreation between sport and leisure time.

Gender

Réponse: 1. Sport was still male predominated, women were expected to fulfil the housewife duty. 2. Schools would often decline women therefore they were often less educated. 3. However, the status of women began to improve later on.

Transport

Réponse: 1. Development of bikes, railways, canals and the motor car made travel a lot easier. 2. Railway travel allowed more away fixtures for sporting events and resorts.

The 20th century saw numerous huge developments to British society. These include:

Réponse: • Technological advancements and scientific discoveries such as the TV and the Radio. • Improved working conditions – better quantity and quality leisure time. • PE became available for all. • The growth of international sporting events. • Public sporting facilities. • Better law and order – society became a lot safer. • The unfortunate rise in terrorism.

Factors affecting participation in 20th century sport in Britain

Réponse: 1. Social class 2. Gender 3. Transport 4. Education and Literacy 5. Law and Order 6. Time 7. Money

Social class

Réponse: Less of a divide between classes but the gap was still clearly present. Lower class were now considered as the working class.

Gender

Réponse: 1. Women had more opportunities in sport. 2. However, working class women were often excluded from professional sport. Only upper class women showed interest in sport.

Transport

Réponse: 1. Public and private transport e.g. buses were more common and affordable. 2. Aeroplanes were more common especially among rich people. 3. More railways and cars. 4. Greater transport of goods around the world.

21st century British sport

Réponse: 1. Technology is massively on the rise alongside the media in sport and its general influence on sport, as a result sport is now a multi-millionaire business. 2. With such popularity and sophistication, sports legislations were put in place. 3. Social mobility is on the rise and the gap between the working class and upper class is less and less defined.

Factors affecting participation in 21st century sport in Britain

Réponse: 1. Social class 2. Gender 3. Transport 4. Education and Literacy 5. Law and Order 6. Time 7. Money

Social class

Réponse: 1. Class system is less and less noticeable due to increased social mobility. 2. Sport is a platform for lower classes to become rich. 3. Upper and middle classes tend to play sports such as Tennis or Golf. 4. Lower classes tend to play sports such as Rugby or Football.

Gender

Réponse: 1. Still a gap in female and male participation but more women are involved in sport and media. 2. Men – 16+ years old = 40.1% 3. Women – 16+ years old = 30%

Transport

Réponse: 1. One car per household. 2. Public transport very common and available in different forms e.g. buses, taxis, electric scooters, bicycles etc… 3. Air travel is more affordable which can allow more international sporting fixtures.

Background of the modern Olympic games

Réponse: 1. Pierre De Coubertin founded the modern Olympic games, 2. Pierre took inspiration from other events such as the Ancient Olympics games, Much Wenlock games and the Public Schools (Boykoff, 2016). 3. The first modern Olympics took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece. 4. The IOC was formed 2 years earlier in 1894 in Paris, the IOC still operates the Olympics today.

The Cotswold games

Réponse: 1. The Cotswold games were an early part of the 17th century, a time where fairs and festivals were a common English countryside tradition. 2. The games were established by Robert Dover in 1612 and consisted of hare coursing, horse racing, wrestling and shin kicking.

Much Wenlock games

Réponse: 1. Dr Penny Brookes believed it was important to improve “the moral, physical and intellectual improvement of the inhabitants of the town” by encouraging outdoor recreations and by the awards of prizes every year. 2. The first ever Much Wenlock games took place in 1850, in the games large prizes were awarded.

Aims of the Olympic games

Réponse: 1. To promote physical development and moral qualities. 2. To spread Olympic principles around the world and international good-will. 3. To bring athletes together in a 4-yearly sports festival. 4. To educate the younger generation and build understanding of each individual.

Olympic values - DECIFER

Réponse: 1. Determination 2. Excellence 3. Courage 4. Inspiration 5. Friendship 6. Equality 7. Respect

Berlin 1936

Réponse: Third Reich Ideology - use of propaganda

Berlin 1936 - Third Reich Ideology

Réponse: 1. The Berlin 1936 games was used by Adolf Hitler as a stage for Nazi political propaganda, 2. Hitler wanted to express the Nazi party’s superiority. 3. It was a key opportunity for Nazi Germany to show its efficiency and effectiveness through winning medals. 4. The Nazi Germany team trained full time, Lutz Lang was a top class long jumper who was a modern Aryan. 5. In the long jump event, Lang was beaten by Jesse Owens deemed ‘racially inferior’ by the Nazis because of his african-american heritage. 6. Jesse Owens won the gold and Hitler refused to award him the medal.

Mexico city 1968

Réponse: Black power demonstration against racial segregation and apartheid

apartheid

Réponse: range of policies of racial segregation under a system of legalisation, existed in South Africa from 1948-1994.

Mexico city 1968 - Black power demonstration

Réponse: 1. South Africa’s invitation to the games was withdrawn due to other countries threatening to boycott because of South Africa’s Apartheid regime. 2. The key moment was the use of medal ceremony to protest about lack of civil rights in the USA, 3. in the 200m final, Tommie Smith won gold and John Carlos won bronze. 4. Smith wore a glove on his right hand demonstrating black power and Carlos wore a black glove on his left hand to symbolise unity in black America. 5. This gesture was named the black power demonstration. 6. After this demonstration Smith and Carlos were told to leave the games but the message had already been sent.

Pros of linking sport with politics

Réponse: 1. Sport can build nation relationships. 2. Can increase party and nation popularity. 3. Can promote positive political views. 4. Protests can cause positive and necessary changes.

Cons of linking sport with politics

Réponse: 1. Goes against Olympic values. 2. Can promote negative ideologies. 3. Can cause conflicts. 4. Takes away sporting identity.

Hosting a global sporting event

Réponse: Global sporting event are usually at an elite level, commercialised, highly spectated and have have world class sporting facilities.

Positive sporting impacts of hosting global sporting events

Réponse: 1. Increased sponsorship for individuals and teams 2. Development of world class facilities e.g. Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games. 3. Improved awareness of sports. 4. Raised profile of the sport e.g. Wheelchair Tennis in 2012,2016 and 2020 Olympic games.

Negative sporting impacts of hosting global sporting events

Réponse: 1. Facilities are often neglected after event. Minority sports e.g. Squash usually miss out on benefits. 2. Decline in participation after event e.g. after 2012 Olympics participation declined after large increased during games. 3. If the event was bad then it can reflect badly on the sport e.g. Rio 2016 Hooliganism.