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Distinction example of learning aim B unit 9
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1)What is homeostasis? - Homeostasis is a state balance which has a balanceamong every body system which is needed so that the body can survive and so that
it can work correctly and accordingly. Homeostasis is the tendency to maniaton a
equilibrium between two interdependent elements, especially being maintained by
the physiological processes. The importance of Homeostasis is that it helps maintain
optimal conditions for the enzyme action which occurs throughout the body as well
as cell functions . It helps with the maintenance of having a constant environment
internally even though there may be changes with the external and also internal
conditions , when we talk about the human body this can include the control of the
blood glucose concentration.
(2)What are hormones? - hormones are chemical messengers which are within the
body and they send signals into the bloodstream and also the tissues within the body
. hormones usually work slowly and overtime and as a result of this it affects different
processes such as growth and development etc. for females the main sex hormones
are oestrogen and progesterone and the production of these hormones usually are in
the ovaries , adrenal glands and during pregnancy the placenta is also involved ,
females sex hormones have influence over body weight , height , hair growth and
also bone and muscle growth. For the male sex hormone is testosterone it's
important for a male to have a normal reproductive and sexual function .
testosterone is important for puberty in males such as the development of the penis,
testicles, facial hair and many more. Testerones act like cells which help make the
sperm , therefore it is good for overall health. There are many other types of
hormones such as ; insulin , growth hormone,oxytocin,adrenaline glucagon and
many more which all work in our body’s for development and growth and also
reproduction.
What conditions in the body need to be controlled ?
(3)Temperature - in order to maintain a regular temperature there is something
called the thermoregulatory centre and it acts as a thermostat , to help it carry out its
function we also have receptors all around the body and they are tiny things which
detect change in temperature and they are mainly found in the skin or the blood
vessels , receptors send information about or temperature change to the
thermoregulatory centre and then the brain figures out if we are too hot or cold in a
certain climate . if it decides that we are too hot it will then send out signals so that
we can then cool down however on the other hand if we are too cold it will then bring
out changes so that we can then warm up.
Mechanisms that our body uses to maintain these conditions - in order for us to be
warmed up we would have to conserve the heat that we already have and then
generate more heat , to conserve our heat we constrict the blood vessels which are
near the surface basket which is also known as vasoconstriction meaning that less
blood then flows near the surface therefore less heat energy is then lost around our
surroundings in addition we also contract erector muscles which makes our hairs
stand on it , therefore we trap a small layer of insulating air making it harder for us to
lose heat from our skin and so it will then help us to keep warm , to also generate
,more body heat we also shiver and this is where out muscles contract
automatically , however this doesn't directly provide heat however but it does require
a lot of energy from respiration and all the chemical reactions which are involved ,
heat energy is released as waste which ends up warming us up. However when we
cool down we do the opposite meaning the erector muscles relax which makes the
hairs fall flat and not up and then the blood vessels expand meaning more heat
energy is then transferred to the surroundings because all the warm blood is closer
to the skin's surface , we also produce sweat and that is a mixture of water and salt
which we release onto the surface of our skin. As the sweat then evaporates it takes
heat energy from our body away with it, as it requires a lot of energy for it to
evaporate water sp we then lose that heat therefore we then remain cooler
Blood sugar levels - the concentration of glucose which is in the blood is controlled
by the action of the hormones which are called insulin and glucagon. These
hormones are made in the pancreas and they act on cells which are in the liver . if
the blood glucose concentration rises too high then the cells can then lose water
therefore this may then interfere with cell activities. Meaning that the concentration of
glucose must be kept at a set point . The concentration of glucose can increase if the
individual has eaten a lot of carbohydrates , if they were to exercise then the
concentration of glucose would then decrease or even if they hadn't eaten after a
while . glucose diffuses out of the blood and into the muscle cells and there it is
broken down so that it can release energy for muscle contractions. If the blood
glucose concentration falls too quickly then the body cells would not receive the
glucose required therefore there won't be as much energy for respiration. The body
maintains these conditions by insulin reducing the body's blood sugar levels and
then it provides the cell with glucose energy . The pancreas maintains blood glucose
levels with a narrow range of 4-6mM . This preservation is balanced by opposing the
balanced actions of the glucagon and the insulin which is also referred to as glucose
homeostasis.
Water content - Water content in the body is controlled by the antidiuretic hormone
also known as ADH and it is a hormone. There are different amounts of ADH which
are released into the bloodstream by a gland which is in the brain which goes
according to the concentration of the plasma. In the brain there is a structure called
(4)the hypothalamus and its function is to detect the concentration of water which is
in the bloodstream , if it was to detect that the water levels were low for example
when we are dehydrated , then it sends a signal to tjr pituitary gland which sits in
front of our brain , behind our eyes , the signals then tell the pituitary glands to then
release a hormone which is called the ADH into the bloodstream, as the ADH travels
around the body it then reaches the kidneys and then tells the tubules to then re
absorb more water into the blood , this means that the amount of water in the
bloodstream then increases as a result we them produce less urine . if the
bloodstream gets too much water then the hypothalamus , stops sending signals to
(5)the pituitary glands there there won't be as much ADH released as a result less
ADH will then travel to the kidneys therefore the tubules will absorb less water into
the blood , meaning that more water will stay in the tubules , therefore the kidneys
(6)will produce more urine to get rid of the extra water. The mechanisms working
together which help to maintain good water content include , thirst , interactions of
(7)the pituitary glands and kidneys and also osmosis . thirst is an important
mechanism as the body needs water it sends a sensation of thirst to the person and
, the person will feel the needs to drink fluids.the pituitary gland and kidney send out if
there need to excrete more urine or less urine and finally osmosis where water flows
from one area to another part of the body area.
Describing positive and negative feedback
(8) Negative feedback - usually amplifies the starting signal. Negative feedback
loops are usually found in processes which usually need to be pushed to
completion,however not when the status quo needs to be maintained. When talking
about negative feedback is when a variable triggers a counteracting response in
order for it to come back to some particular set point and this is called a negative
feedback loop, the negative feedback brings the body back to set point which keeps
homeostasis.
Positive feedback - is instead of getting a counteracting response to the some
variable , instead the variable intensifies an example of this is the human baby being
born , when it's being born there is pressure on the cervix therefore the pressure and
the hormones which are involved contracts the uterus , more release of hormones
mean that more contractions and pressure therefore this will cause more release of
hormones which means more release of contractions and pressure.
How the following operates positive and negative feedback loops:
(9)Set points- positive feedback usually causes an increasing deviation and this
usually causes an increasing deviation and this is usually from the normal state to
the final end point rather than just going back to its normal set point as in
homeostasis. Homeostasis is usually known to be involved in negative feedback
loops in which ut cinteracts changes of properties from their targeted values , this is
also known as set points.
Receptors - negative feedback loops need a receptor , a receptors structure that
observes the internal conditions; this can include the human body receptors in the
blood vessels which monitor the pH of the blood.
Sensor. The sensor is also known as the receptor, and thus a component of the
feedback system detects physiological value. The sensor senses the variation in
body equilibrium.
Effectors- Positive feedback is known as a positive response or a self-reinforcing
response to external or internal input. In this, the effector boosts up the stimulus that
enhances the product formation for maintaining body stability. Positive feedback
promotes a change in the physiological state instead of reversing it.
An effector is the component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse
the situation and return the value to the normal range. In a negative feedback loop,
a
stimulus—a deviation from a set point—is resisted through a physiological process
that returns the body to homeostasis.
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