History Midterm- Joel Webb, History 1010 Final 2-Joel Webb, HIST-1020-012 WEBB, History 1020 Midterm (Webb), history 2

History Midterm- Joel Webb, History 1010 Final 2-Joel Webb, HIST-1020-012 WEBB, History 1020 Midterm (Webb), history 2 Sumer - Who or What? ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture When? BC Neolithic, Bronze Age Where? Southern Mesopotamia Importance? Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it. Ur - Who or What? Ur was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia When? BC succumbs to foreign invaders Where? modern day Southern Iraq Importance? Ur was captured by the foreign invaders, and this era, called the Akkadian period, marks an important step in the blending of Sumerian and Semitic cultures. Tigris and Euphrates - Who or What? great river system of southwestern Asia. Comprises the Tigris and Euphrates rivers When? Where? major river system in Western Asia. From sources originating in eastern Turkey, they flow by/through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf. Importance? Once the people who lived in the foothills moved to the river valley, they created irrigation systems to save precious water they needed. This helped because farmers now had water for their crops to grow and they would grow extra food. cuneiform - Who or What? one of the earliest systems of writing, was invented by the Sumerians When? around 3200 BC Where? Ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia Importance? Writing was used to record a variety of information such as temple activities, business and trade. Cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths, and personal letters. Akkadian - Who or What? was the first ancient empire of Mesopotamia/ monarchy government When? BC ( BC) Where? centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region// city located along the western bank of the Euphrates River Importance? The empire united Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule. Sargon the Great - Who or What? Also known as Sargon of Akkad, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC// took king's position likely during instability bc he came from "no where" When? 2300 BC Where? King of Akkad Importance? Eventually took Kish back as well as other cities// city-states became what would be a rising empire// model empire in Mesopotamia Hammurabi - Who or What? he sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty, through a succession of military campaigns, careful alliances made and broken when necessary, and political maneuvers, he held the entire region under Babylonian control by 1750 BCE. When? 1810 - c. 1750 BC// He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. Where? Babylom Importance? During his reign, he conquered Elam and the city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. expanded the kingdom to conquer all of ancient Mesopotamia Hittites - Who or What? were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia When? 1600 BC Bronze Age Where? Occupied the ancient region of Anatolia Importance? developed a culture apparently from the indigenous Hatti people, and expanded their territories into an empire which rivaled, and threatened, the established nation of Egypt Ma'at - Who or What? means order, stability, wisdom, and justice/ all is right in universe/ personified as a goddess name meaning "that which is straight"/ equilibrium- how the world should be When? first appears during the period known as the Old Kingdom (c. BCE)//said to have been born of the sun god Ra (Atum) at the beginning of creation through the power of Heka Where? all ancient Egyptian cities Importance? brought about a balance in Egyptian life. Imhotep - Who or What? "the one who comes in peace," an Egyptian chancellor and chief official to Djoser; engineer of Pyramid of Djoser When? BC Where? Egypt Importance? First known use of stone columns to support a building; genius Second Intermediate Period - Who or What? Marks a period when Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom When? BC Where? ancient egypt Importance? Eventually, the last remaining Egyptian royal lines at Thebes rose against the Hyksos and over time, expelled the foreign rulers from Egypt. Mandate of Heaven - Who or What? Concept in Chinese thought that Heaven gave the right to rule to a king or emperor and could withdraw that right were the ruler to behave badly. (Approval of Universe) The ancient god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky had selected this particular individual to rule on its behalf on earth. When? Xia Dynasty BC Where? China Importance? legitmated the king in the Zhou Dynasty oracle bones - Who or What? Pieces of shell or bone, typically from ox scapulae or turtle shells due to their flat surfaces. Used these to predict future through ritual of burning bone and then someone would read the cracks When? 600-1046 BC Where? The Shang Dynasty Importance? They were used in as a form of divination in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty Spring and Autumn Period - Who or What? One part of the Zhou Dynasty (other part is Warring States), derived from a book called "The Spring & Autumn Annals" which discusses a series of wars within over a hundred states. When? 770-481 BC Where? Eastern Zhou China Importance? Revolutionary thinkers emerged at this time and questioned human nature, the state, and political behavior. Warring States Period - Who or What?was an era in ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states When? 475-221 BC Where? ancient China Importance? ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire, known as the Qin dynasty Art of War - Who or What? A book written containing a detailed explanation and analysis of the Chinese Military. When? during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-480 BC) Where? China Importance? formed the basis of modern military tactics today The Hundred Schools of Thought - Who or What? were philosophies and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 B.C. during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period of ancient China/An era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China/ Golden Age for chinese philosophy When? during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period Where? ancient China. Importance? era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China Confucius - Who or What? One of the most intellectual thinkers of all time; his teachings have made a huge impact on society politics even today. He is the son of an aristocrat, and he turned to tutoring to make a living for himself. When? 551-479 BC Where? China Importance? Emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. Analects - Who or What? also known as the Analects of Confucius, is an ancient Chinese book composed of a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled and written by Confucius's followers When? written during the Warring States period (475-221 BC) Where? Ancient China Importance? strongly emphasizes the importance of morality for the betterment of oneself and society in general. The book lays out several teachings for both commoners and rulers to follow in the pursuit of morality. Xiao (filial devotion) - Who or What? Confucius's belief that the attitude, obedience, devotion, and care to one's parents is important. Elder's must be respected. Xiao is a character that is used to demonstrate an older AND younger generation; the older gen should be supported by the younger gen. When? Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) Where? China Importance? creates a peaceful family and society Daoism - Who or What? s a philosophy, a religion, and a way of life that arose in the 6th century BCE in what is now the eastern Chinese province of Henan. a Daoist attitude toward life can be seen in the accepting and yielding, the joyful and carefree sides of the Chinese character, an attitude that offsets and complements the moral and duty-conscious, austere and purposeful character ascribed to Confucianism. When? Laozi was the founder of Daoism in Ancient China Where? Ancient China Importance? It has strongly influenced the culture and religious life of China and other East Asian countries ever since. Mohenjo-daro - Who or What? Largest site of the Indus Valley culture. Monumental buildings that are well preserved still stand here. When? 2600 BC Where? Indus Valley, near the Arabian Sea Importance? The presence of these massive "cities" proves that there are several other civilizations very similar to it. Sea Peoples - Who or What? a confederacy of naval raiders who harried the coastal towns and cities of the Mediterranean region between c. BCE, concentrating their efforts especially on Egypt. When? BC Where? dotted islands between Greece and Lydia Importance? They are considered one of the major contributing causes to the Bronze Age Collapse (c. 1250-c.1150 BCE) and were once regarded as the primary cause "Calculated Frightfulness" - Who or What? Fear-inflicted violence to prevent expansion created by Ashur When? 883-859 BCE Where? Assyria Importance? People would hear about this; they would know what would happen to them if they disobeyed any laws. It became a thing to keep people in line. Zoroastrianism - Who or What? Arguably the world's first monotheistic faith, it's one of the oldest religions still in existence. Zoroastrian refugees, called Parsis, escaped Muslim persecution in Iran by emigrating to India// ideal of dualism: 2 competing features: light and darkness When? Ancient Persian religion that may have originated as early as 4,000 years ago. Where? Ancient Persian Importance? a tradition that would largely dominate Persia until the mid-7th century CE, when Islam gained ascendancy in the region after the fall of the Sasanian Empire, the last pre-Islamic Persian empire. Moses - Who or What? A prophet according to the teachings of Abrahamic religions. He gave people laws ( foods, how to cook, etc.) When? 1272 BC (?) Where? Ancient Egypt Importance? He gave the law that God is the only person that is to be worshipped. Yahweh - Who or What? the name of the state god of the ancient Kingdom of Israel and, later, the Kingdom of Judah When? 14-13th century BC/ reach back to the early Iron Age and even the Late Bronze Where? originated in southern Canaan Importance? marking the transition from monolatrism to true monotheism. Babylonian Captivity - Who or What? AKA the exile; King Nebuchadnezzar II captured the kingdom of Judah and deported its people to Babylonia; Assyria's Successor, the Neo-Babylonian dynasty, restored order and extended the empire by annexing more territory. When? 587 BC Where? Judah, Babylonia Importance? Under Nebuchadnezzar's rule, Babylon became the most fabulous city in the Western Eurasia world. Legalism - Who or What? philosophical belief that human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self-interest// strive for a strong, central government that holds absolute power and control over the people by the threat of extreme and harsh punishment. When? Han Feizi 280 - 233 BC Where? Qin dynasty Importance? the Legalist administrators and advisors formulated enough tenets and principles that their ideas had at least the semblance of a philosophy of political and social administration. Shi Huangdi (First August Emperor) - Who or What? "First August Emperor." He started a series of reforms that would determine the political organization of china for more than 400 years and inspire the norms of centralized rule in China up to the early twentieth century C.E. When? 221-210 BCE Where? China Importance? He considered the expansion of China's agriculture the basis of progress, and like the Babylonians he ordered large irrigation canals to be built. Mycenaean - Who or What? the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece//Represents the first advanced Greek civilization in mainland Greece with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art, and writing system When? approximately BC Where? most prominent site was Mycenae, in the Argolid Importance?first advanced Greek civilization in mainland Greece Oligarchy - Who or What? a political system in which a small group of people holds all powers. Sparta and Athens had an oligarchy When? Where? Importance? Real power in Sparta was in the hands of an Oligarchy because the highest Spartan officials were two kings, men from two wealthy families, who ruled simultaneously for life. Ionian Revolt - Who or What? a major uprising of the Greek cities of Asia Minor against Persian rule -After being defeated by the Persians, the Ionians knew they couldn't defeat the Persians themselves, so they asked the Mainland Greece for help. Athens came, helped and left after initial success.. The ionian army fought and lost again in 493 BCE. They were punished for rebelling. The Persians destroyed the city and sold people into slavery. THE PERSIANS WON. When? (499-493 BC) Where? Anatolia and Cyprus Importance? constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Persian Empire, and as such represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. Marathon - Who or What? The Athenians defeated the Persians, relying on heavy armor and tight battle formation. When? 490 BCE Where? Greece (Athens?) Importance? Successive invasions ended in disaster for Persia. Radical Athenian Democracy - Who or What? Athens practiced a political system of legislation and executive bills. Participation was not open to all residents, but was instead limited to adult, male citizens (i.e., not a foreign resident, a slave, or a woman), who "were probably no more than 30 percent of the total adult population" When? developed around the sixth century BC Where? in the Greek city-state (known as a polis) of Athens Importance? model for other city states to follow Sophists - Who or What? "Wise man" a person who could speak persuasively became a teacher. They always required a fee for instructive rhetoric. When? 500-400 BCE Where? Athens Importance? Contrary to the modern negative connotation of a sophist, these people were very intellectual and helped push Greek thinking in new directions. Hoplites - Who or What? were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields// formation that discouraged acting alone, they had to shield their neighbor When? from the 7th to 4th centuries BCE Where? Ancient Greece Importance? important bc they utilized the phalanx formation in order to be effective in war with fewer soldiers. Alexander the Great - Who or What? Heir and son of Phillip 2 // Inherited a ready army to conquer Persia and also conquered land east of Persia and land in the Egyptian territory When? R.336-323 BC Where? Macedonia Importance? Responsible for spreading Hellenism throughout the known world res publica - Who or What? a Latin phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'/ Res publica usually is something held in common by many people/ managed by the state ORRR the era when Rome was governed as a republic, that is the era between the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Empire When? 509 BC-27 BC Where? ancient rome Importance? The Roman Empire was one of the most successful expressions of Democracy in ancient times. plebeians - Who or What? People who did not belong to a hereditary aristocratic class. They could not claim ancestry nor participate in their religious rites. When? 367 BCE Where? Rome Importance? Plebeians formed the Tribune to protect plebians from arbitrary decisions by patrician magistrates. they were allowed to veto acts by consul and senate. tribunes - Who or What? was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome. Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes. The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.//Elected out of assemnly- 10 a year and only plebeian sure patricians are with the people When? 494 BC Where? Ancient Rome Importance? form of check and balances - plebeians kept patricians from passing laws that only affected the plebeians Hannibal Barca - Who or What? Carthage's General who crossed the Alps with 24 elephants and ransacked the Italian countryside for 16 years When? Carthaginian General between 221-202 BCE Where? Carthage (Modern Day Tunisia) Importance? Rome's survival was at risk when Hannibal was General. He was able to distinguish himself for his strengths & weaknesses during battle, as well as his rivals'. He was able to plan his battle according to this. client armies - Who or What? Hired soldiers. Had to have land in order to fight but Marius reforms make it to where landless people can fight as well. Reforms say that landless people can fight and in return received land. The client armies then become private armies When? Started with gaius marrius and continued Where? Rome Importance? Reshaped Roman values. The soldiers started to fight for individuality and to work for their commander not the Roman society Han Feizi - Who or What? A Chinese philosopher who provided access to education (mostly writing, rhetoric, and philosophical ideas). He had a speech disability, so he had to write everything down which left a record. When he died, he poisoned himself because he believed it was more honorable than to die by someone else's hand. When? 280-233 BCE Where? Qin China Importance? He believed humans were born with natural "evil" inside of them; in order to fix this problem, everyone needed to be punished and then rewarded. Emphasis on the law- it made people step back from doing evil and allowed them to do good. Buddhism - Who or What? an Indian religion attributed to the teachings of the Buddha //holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire// lived a life of extreme luxury (so pampered he lived within guarded walls// 4 noble truths: core: concept of separation from desire When? 6th century BC Where? originated in India, spread to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, Importance? Buddhism exercised profound influence in shaping the various aspects of Indian society Ashoka - Who or What? Chandragupta's grandson & successor. His government was based off Buddhist ideals. When? Reign: 268-232 BCE Where? India Importance? Announced his reforms to the public through inscriptions carved on stone. These have been preserved; they are the oldest preserved writings after the Indus Valley Texts. He made different laws on different pillars. He was known as an "insatiable conqueror"; he was a bloody murderer, and he was tough and would not take "no" for an answer. He felt he did something so terrible during the Kalinga war that he would never be forgiven. First Jewish Revolt - Who or What? Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in Judaea. The First Jewish Revolt was the result of a long series of clashes in which small groups of Jews offered sporadic resistance to the Romans, who in turn responded with severe countermeasures. When? ad 66-70 Where? Judaea Importance? the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire Apocalypticism - Who or What? The religious belief that there will be "an end" of the world. When? Where? Importance? Germania - Northern Europe surrounding the area now known as Germany; Initially inhabited by Germanic tribes, but a growth in food production and agriculture leads to a population boom and subsequent famine. These groups try to migrate into Rome, but then get kicked out and settle on its outskirts. Diocletian - Emperor of Rome that tries to restore order and return to 'greater' Roman glory, but also ditched tradition. Rids of the title "princep" which Augustus used, and instead uses "Dominus" which means master. Splits the empire into 4 as a "tetrarchy" so that all of the emperors could be close to the problem area, if a problem arose. Eventually the emperors break out into a civil war, and Rome falls back into disorder. Diocletian also notoriously prosecuted Christians because they challenged Roman authority, in sharp contrast to Constantine. Princep - First in order/leader or chief, first person to use it was Augustus at the inauguration of the Roman Empire, and Diocletian gets rid of this title and uses "Dominus" which means 'master', to get rid of the fiction that Rome was a republic. Constantine - Emperor of Rome after Diocletian, and was a part of the tetrarchy and fought in the civil war-- he has a dream that a number of celestial figures tell him to paint a christian symbol on his shield as he goes into battle, sees the symbol in the sky, and decides to embrace christianity. He wins the battle, and takes the city of Rome, becoming the "Champion of God" and the Christians. Moves capital to New Rome/Constantinople, which is modern-day Istanbul. After Constantine is no longer ruler, the empire begins to collapse, mostly due to external problems. Goths - Nomadic Germanic people, almost fought Rome. First group to migrate into Rome, settled into the outskirts of the Roman Empire into Ukraine. The Huns drive the Goths out of Ukraine, and into the Roman Empire where they are let in under two conditions, they had to be Christians, and the men had to enroll in the military to fight against Persia, and their families could live in the empire. The Goths eventually revolt, and during the Battle Of Adrianople, the emperor is killed, and Rome losses. The Goths rise up and tear Rome apart.m Huns - Nomadic group from Central Asia that drive the Goths into Rome, leading to the destruction of the Roman Empire. They enter into Rome and abandon tribal labels, much like the Goths and realize they have other things in common and begin to organize into larger groups, most important of which is the Vandaals-who sack Rome, from the back of Italy. How and why was Europe transformed during the last centuries of the Western Roman Empire? - Splits into two pieces, because of the groups from Northern Europe repeatedly attacking and invading and rebellion. Fall of Luoyang - (311) Attack on the capital of the Han dynasty, leading to the fall of the dynasty, leading to its fall and the establishment of the Sui dynasty. Shi-Le, who was born into a semi-nomadic group near China, participates in raids of cities. After being captured into slavery and escaping, he joins the group of bandits who had been picking apart China and builds an army. On his way to attack Luoyang, he comes across a begging Buddhist monk, who he tells to explain Buddhism to him. The monk takes sand and water and a lotus emerges. Shi-Le likes Buddhism because its foreign, like him, and after he sacks Luoyang he spreads Buddhism through China by building stupas. Northern Wei Dynasty - Regime founded in 386 CE by the Tuoba, a people originally from Inner Mongolia, that lasted one and a half centuries. The rulers of this dynasty adopted many practices of the earlier Chinese Han regime. At the same time, they struggled to consolidate authority over their own nomadic people. Ultimately, several decades of intense internal conflict led to the dynasty's downfall. Sui/Tang Gorgureyo wars - A series of invasions by the Sui Dynasty against Gorgureyo, contributes in fall of Sui and Tang Dynasty, and integration of Chinese culture into Korea. When China transforms following collapse of Han dynasty, Korea also transforms, leading to the emergence of three kingdoms- Gorgureyo, Silla, and Baekje. G Dynasty and Sui expand at the same time, leading to clash. G strikes first to let Sui know to back off, backfires as Sui decides its in their best interest to absorb this kingdom. They march to G but it goes horribly wrong for Sui- the terrain is different, more mountainous, and results in a massive defeat for the Sui dynasty. Sui sends multiple armies into G, and it was very expensive. The Tang Dynasty takes over as the Sui dynasty falls apart, and takes over fighting with G for decades, a huge drain on resources. Tang and Silla form an alliance on marches and takes G capital--Silla becomes a dominant power in Korea and drives out the Tang, but Chinese culture still merges with Korean culture. Most Korean culture is influenced by the Chinese. Equal-Field Systems - (Tang Dynasty) A solution to the land conservation problems that destroyed the Han dynasty. Large landowners end up with a lot of land, that wasn't being used. Displaces small farmers, causing social problems and overcrowding in cities. The system gives small farmers/landowners small parts of land, which they weren't allowed to sell. Land was allocated based on family size/workers. Could never be kicked off the land, and was allocated to those who used it most efficiently. Chang'an - Ancient capital of more than ten dynasties, city known for Tang architecture becomes Metropolis during Tang, known for architectural feats, Japan influenced by this city. How was China transformed between the fall of the Han Dynasty and the rise of the Sui Dynasty? - The founder of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Jian reunifies most of china, conquers the area around the Zhou dynasty, leading to the reformation/unifcation of the Han Empire (most of China). Ends hereditary transmission of representative duties, they could no longer pass it from father to son/family member. Creates a long, involved examination to test government officials to make sure they were qualified. Established the rule of avoidance to move officials around, so they would lose their influence over their region, part of his effort to centralize power. He also spends money on monasteries and stupas to be built around China, alongside wall-building, huge canals, roads, coinage and stamps. Kra Isthmus - Narrowest part of the Malay peninsula in Thailand, it decreased shipping time for trade for Europe and East Asia, which allowed it to grow in power, and was the gateway into the European market for the Asian world. Srivijaya - Dominant Indonesian empire, influence over much of Southeast Asia. Emerged along the Strait of Mallaka; Indonesian kingdom that adopted Indian and gravitated more towards Buddhist traditions. Very wealthy, and increased the volume of trade due to their control over the Strait of Mallaka. Angkor Wat - Occupied the same area as the early Funan kingdom. Influenced by Hinduism. Had the Largest temple in the world in Cambodia, under the same name, and had influences of Hinduism when being built, but as they begin to adopt Buddhist traditions, the two religions begin to overlap in the temple. What were the effects of the spread of Indian civilization into Southeast Asia? - Religion-Buddhism spread from India into Southeast Asia as Hindiusm was developing in India. The effects of trade between India and SE Asia were heavily Buddhist Indonesian political entities, like Funan, Srivijaya, and Angkor, and temples like the Angkor Wat. How did the kingdom of Portugal become a major trading power in Asia in the 16th century? - City of Lispen, which is relatively small is directly in the middle of trading routes from North Europe to the Mediterranean, positioning itself as important in trading. (1415) Portugal launches a war on Souta (Muslim city, small and unimportant) eventually conquers it, creating a foothold for Portugal in North Africa, and expand their influence there. Makes their way along the coastline and establish contact w cities in Africa. Portugal learners a lot about sailing-first Bartolomeu Dias makes it to the tip of Africa, and latter Vasco De Gama goes around the tip, making it to India and establishing a lot of contact with the area, and a string of naval outposts with this area. Olmec - The first people/civilization in MesoAmerica, it was warm, wet, and flat. Place of the 'rubber people' (named that by the Aztecs). Developed a way to plan corn, squash, and beans in a certain way, as well as two calendar systems, solar and lunar, and had giant stone heads as well as a ball game for spiritual purposes. In what ways did Olmec civilization help to shape the Mesoamerican world? - The Olmec developed a farming method planting corn, squash, and beans, in a way that they all aided the other in growth which was a method used by the Aztecs and Teotiuchan. They also developed a spiritual ball game that was mimicked by the other mesoamerican civilizations, and solar and lunar calendars with 365 and 260 days respectively that was later copied by the Mayans. Lake Texcoco - Where Tenochtitlan was and the center of the Aztec world, source of their empire; after wandering and never settling, a rebellion started against the followers of the war god, and after the revolt ended the war god told his people to rip out the heart of the laser of the rebellion and throw it, it landed on an island in this lake, and on the island was a cactus, an eagle and a snake in its mouth, and here is where the people settled. Méxica - The Aztec Peoples--native/indigenous people in the valley of Mexico/Atzlan; the home place of the city of Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlán - The capital and most important city in Ancient Mexico, was modern-day Mexico-city had a massive dual temple where people could worship, where one side of represented water (life) and the other war (death/blood) Huitzilopochtli - The War God against which the rebellion breaks out against his followers' patron of the city of Tenochititlan, the most important deity to the Aztecs', God of the 'red side' of the temper Chinampas - artificial islands made of mud piled atop reed mats that were anchored to the shallow lake-bed with willow trees, they allowed for complex waterways to transport goods along the city and provided protection Describe the expansion of the Aztec Empire - Expansion driven by the war god to the Pacific Ocean from Mexico, they took tributes from the areas they conquered and could be anything from goods to jewels they also sacrificed humans and obsidian to the Gods. The expansion was very rapid and very bloodthirsty Sundiata - Founder of the Mali Empire, son of a very handsome king who received a prophecy that his son was going to transform his kingdom into an empire, but the son was unborn to woman he hadn't met yet, who was a very skilled hunter, a hunchback and ugly. The king meets and marries the woman after some time passes and they have the son-Sundiata, who is born crippled. The king loves the son anyways and teaches him everything he knows about ruling a kingdom. When the king dies his first born son Dunkaran takes over the throne, and he and his mother hate and bully Sundiata and his mother. To prove himself, Sundiata forces himself and learns how to walk. Dunkaran and his mother send a witch to kill Sundiata and his mom, but after learning they are good people, the witch instead warns them that the king wants them killed and so they flee and end up in the kingdom of Mema. The Mema king adopts Sundiata and he becomes heir to the throne. The Sossa King and kingdom begin taking over different tribes in Africa, and Sundiata reconquers them and takes a large army to Sossa and beats him to unify and create the empire of Mali. Malinke - People of the Mali empire, the second Sudanic Empire Sundiata's people Ancient Mali - A very wealthy kingdom in west Africa, the second Sudan Empire. It's people were the Malinke. Had an excess of gold. Mansamusa was the second ruler, and adopts the Islamic faith and decides to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. As he travels across Africa he spends tons of gold in Egypt, so much that he 'makes the value of gold drop'. He takes Muslim Architects and Scholars back to Mali and they help to restructure Mali. Mali eventually falls due to too many people traveling across the Sahara, leading to a lack of protection. The Songhey then takes over. Describe the important similarities and differences between the Sudan states of Medieval West Africa? - The three empires, Ghana, Mali, and Songhey all had an abundance of gold. Ghana was the first kingdom to begin using camel for transportation, they also didnt have a written language. Everything we know about them comes from Muslim traders, who would get salt, slaves and gold from them. Mali practiced Islam and grew its influence in Africa, and was in the same region as Ghana. Songhey was more centralized then Ghana and Mali geographically. They weren't long-lasting because of overpopulation due to immigration and trade issues. Bishop of Rome - Rome refers to the city of Rome. Stems from the greek word meaning overseer. They were seeking to form a hierarchy of all the bishops of the cities, and because the bishop of Rome was thought to be the direct descendant of the Apostle Peter, the bishop became the top of the hierarchy and was named the Pope. Franks - One of the first people to enter the Roman Empire, Germanic people who came to rule "Romanic Gall" as the Western Roman Empire broke up, was the first to step away from Roman tradition. The only tradition they kept was christianity. Charlemagne - Also known as Charles the Great, king of the Franks. Becomes emperor of Rome and is known as the "Holy Roman Emperor" because he was a champion for Christianity and unifies most of Europe and did a lot to expand. The pope, "Leo the Third" was eventually kicked out of Rome, and seeks support of Charlemagne who marches him back into Rome, making Charlemagne more important, "protector of the Bishop of Rome". The pope crowns Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor symbolically to elevate his own status. Feudalism - Governing system for medieval Europe, in which the king had less power and the lords were the ones who pretty much governed. There were three classes of feudalism-- the lords, the clergy and the serfs. The lords were generals, and admirals, and nobility who would give warriors a piece of land called a "fief" in exchange for military service. Serfs were essentially slaves that were seen s apart of the land, they could not escape slavery because the value of labor was so low, Hundred Years War - A series of wars that lasted 116 years for control of France between France and England. It starts when the French king dies and the next heir is the English king, so the French government pulls a medieval rule that prohibits him from doing so, which causes a small rift between the two. The actual feud begins over two pieces of territory, Aquitain and Flanders. The French argued that Flanders belonged to them because it was closer to them in proximity, while the English argued that they both the most of Flanders export, and the king of England had a fief from the king of France saying the land was his. France takes control of Flanders anyways and England gets angry. Aquataine is territory in France that belonged to the English, and France tried to take control of it, setting off the war. It happened in three phases, the first phrase the English won, and the last two phases the French won. Bubonic Plague - Called this/ the Black Plague because of the 'bulbos' tumors that turned black because of blood clotting. A flea bites the rats, which are carriers of the disease but are unaffected by it, but when they bite humans they are affected by it. The disease spread through the infected rats crawling all over the city. the fleas were one the rats. The people thought it spread through 'miasmas' which means bad smells, so they cleaned up the city which actually reduced the number of rats and accidentally kind of curing it. The disease wiped out a lot of Europe. Why was the capture of Constantinople by the Ottomans an important event in world history? - The capture marked the end of the Roman Empire/end of the medieval period. The Muslims had a way into the European market on a scale that they never had before, and destroyed a defense for Christian Europe from the Muslims and set the stage for further expansion into Europe. What was the Renaissance, and how did it transform European civilization? - An artistic era of bloom that starts around 1300 and lasts until around 1700, a period of political, artistic, intellectual, religious and architecture transformation in Europe in the 17th century. New ways of creating art emerged, adding dimensions and playing with perspective to trick the eye to create more depth, and a greater focus on the human body, and how humans interacted with the world, people, and object around them. There was also a political transformation, because Italy was the center of the Renaissance and was a mess politically, new forms of politics were conceived and tested. Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince" shaped the 'cynical' way we think of politics today- and modern forms of diplomacy emerge here. Humanism was an intellectual movement that looked back on Ancient Greek and Latin texts to master the art of rhetoric, of thinking critically, and the Protestant Reformation was born out of this. The Reformation changes and modernizes catholicism, and reforms the Catholic Church from the practice of indulgences in the medieval time. Humanism - an intellectual movement during the renaissance that sought a return to Classical Greek and Roman texts to influence critical thought and affects a new interest in culture, religion, and history. Niccoló Machiavaelli - Wrote controversial books on the human government, said the king should rule with absolute power and fear. Wrote 'The Prince' and said 'fear is the most powerful emotion that one can use in government.' Indulgences - Emerged because the middle class didn't have time to complete their catholic works, so the priests set up a way for them to 'buy themselves into heaven'. It was documentation that they paid to get themselves out of their catholic works, so that they could go and do 'actual work'. Becomes really corrupt as time goes on and people begin to buy their family members into heaven. dar-al-Islam - Kingdoms in Spain that allowed people to practice islam openly have monasteries open. Córdoba - Muslim kingdom of Spain, that also served as the name of the Capital. Had architecture that was beautiful. Was Muslim-ruled, but majority population that was Christian and Jewish, and it was mythicized that all three religions all got along. It was highly prosperous and one of the last cities to be muslim-ruled in Spain Reconquista - The story of the reconquering of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces. When Ferdianad and Isabella took over Cordoba from Muslim rule and called it the 'reconquest' because they were taking back what would eventually be called 'Spain' from the Muslims. Reconquered all of the kingdoms in the name of what would become Spain. La Convivencia - Early 8th century, The coexistence of religions during muslim-rule in Spain and lasted until 1492 and the Spanish Inquisition that was made to investigate and exile those that weren't practicing Christianity Conversos - Jewish people who converted into Christianity, after persecution of Jews in the 14th and 15th century. The Spanish 'Inquisition' was a group of people that questioned you if you were suspected of still practicing your religion, and punished you if you were. Moriscos - Muslim who converted to Christianity. Granada had a big Muslim population. Hardliners were those who told them they had to convert or leave, and Softliners were their opposition and wanted to give them time to convert while still practicing their religion since the leave or convert hadn't worked last time. The softliners win, but eventually the hardliners win out and their solution is to spread them all over Spain to get them to integrate and convert, but they end up banning together. The end result is they get kicked out of Spain and put on a ship to North Africa where they are strictly Muslim, but the Moriscos were too christian for the hardcore Muslims, resulting in them being ostracized there too. Encomienda - A grant of control the Spanish gave to colonizers over the people (natives) that belonged to a land. The people that controlled the land were called "encomiendero", which means "to trust". It was used as a tool of military invasion into Cuba for more territory as well as expansion of Christianity. What was the Spanish narrative of the reconquest of Spain and how did it emerge? - The reconquest was the story of how the Spaniards took their kingdoms back from the Islamic empire. The Spanish beats the Islamic kingdom in a long series of battles and pushes them out and calls it 'The Reconquest" of 'their' land from the Muslims. The Spanish reinterprets their past and their conquest in the frame of the Crusades (the pope reached out to the Christian rulers in the Spanish empire at the same time he called for arms against the Muslims in Rome) which amplified the antagonism between Christianity and Islam as another part of the battle between the two. What is the Black Legend, and why is it important for understanding Spanish colonization in the New World? - The Black Legend was rooted in the works of Las Casas--the English, Dutch, and other enemies of Spain used it as propaganda against Spain throughout early colonialism. Bartolomé de Las Casas was a Spanish missionary that had used the encomienda system just like conquistadors and used them to convert people to catholicism. The practice of the system began to become abusive and. treat indigenous subject pretty harshly, and people were shedding their responsibilities of being missionaries. Bartolomé was outspoken about this because it was going to hurt the reputation of the church. In order to encourage others to do the same, he gave up his own encomienda and encouraged others to do the same. He managed to acquire high-level importance through his writings and activism, and eventually 'New Laws' were passed in 1540 modifying the encomienda system. It is important for understanding Spanish colonization because it highlights what tactics they used in order to colonize the New World, and how brutal these tactics were even if they were exaggerated by the Spanish. Bartolome de Las Casas - A Spanish missionary that used the encomienda system to convert people to catholicism. Eventually he turned against the system because he knew the brutal way people began to treat the indigenous people would began to hurt the reputation of the church. He gave up his encomienda and encouraged others to do the same, and eventually acquired high-level importance and influenced 'New Laws' to be passed in 1540, modifying the encomienda system. The Black Legend is based off of his writings, detailing and condemning the harsh treatment of the indigenous peoples under this system. Sufis - Islamic missionaries/mystics, many of whom were important missionaries of Islam in conquered lands and who were revered as saints. They were skilled at boiling down the essence of Islam, as a monotheistic God that was interested in "you" as a person, and disregard the doctrines/rules and focusing on just the idea. Spread a lot of the religion. Seljuk Turks - Earliest of Turkish speaking people; They defended into Islam and convert to it, and combine their religious fervor with expansion, and challenge what's left of Rome, leading to the First Crusade, all of which is happening at the same time as the Mongolian Conquest, and after which Turkey emerges fragmented. Osman I - First ruler of the Ottoman Empire. While on a business trip, he is invited to spend the night in a local mans home who happens to be a pious muslim man, and before he goes to sleep for the night he sees the Qur'an. The local man explains what it is, Osman begins to read this book and read it all night until dawn break before he passes out, and has a number of visions in his dream. 1) An angel says that his children will be blessed for generations, 2) he hovers over the house of the woman he had been courting, whos parents did not like him because he wasn't muslim, 3) sees himself removed from his body, sees a tree growing out of his body that grows larger and large and he can see the 'known world' under these branches--the tips of which are swordblades pointing west, to Constantinople. He can see Europe and Asia as emeralds, and Constantinople as a diamond. This dream leads him to convert to Islam, and lead in empire of the known world with him at the center in Constantinople, but he dies before he can capture it, but sets the Ottomans on the path to. Pax Ottomanica - Ottoman Peace, ottomans create a world w Islam on top, but recognizes the diversity that exists religiously, ethnically, etc, and respects it, creating a growing empire that straddles multiple worlds. Their key to success was respecting this diversity, and keeping the peace Suleiman the Magnificent - Around 1520, Suleiman the Magnificent comes into power in the 16th century, and greatly expands the power of the Ottoman Empire, and moves deeper into Europe. Recognizes that their role was to be a leading islamic and European empire. In 1526 he moves into Hungary and burns Budapest to the ground, and then marches into Vienna to lay siege, but ultimately failed. In 1566 he dies, and after there was a slow gradual decline of the empire until the 1600s. How did Islam spread into India between the 10th and 18th centuries? - Invasions out of Afghanistan into India, and Turkish groups, like the Seljuks-turks settle down into Afghanistan and establish Islamic kingdoms and begin to expand. () Mahmud of Ghazna/Ghanzi, launches 17 wars of conquest into India, and brings a huge chunk of Northwest India into the Islamic empire. Mahmud sees polytheism (hinduism) as horrible, and caught to extinguish it so he begins destroying temples, etc, but the ideas of islam were not reading the population. This is probably due to the caste system, which was ingrained in hinduism and the elites liked because it meant they got to keep their spot as elites, and it was hard to make the religion trickle-down. With the establishment of the Delhi Sultanata, an islamic kingdom in the center of Delhi in India, islam starts to grow, largely due to the influence of the Sulfi's, who were islamic missionaries. Temujin - Founder of the Mongol Empire, which changes the world completely after its conquest, although it wasn't long-lasting. After getting his own followers and army, Temujin breaks away from the traditions of the tribes his father commanded before he got killed, and reorganizes the military, and creates division, splitting them into chunks of 100/150/200 to encourage them to ignore tribal lines and stay objective and allegiant to him, which helped become a powerful leader. He united all of the tribes in and around Mongolia, earning thee nickname of Chinggis Kahn, meaning ruler of the Oceans. He and his army spread north across Eurasia, and all the way across Asia, pillaging and moving into different regions but not necessarily making an empire. Ghengis uses strategies like always keeping the armies in the field, so they wouldn't be idle, and 'terrorist' tactics like calculated frightfulness. Notable incident: Ghengis son in law was killed during an attempt to lay siege on a town, so Ghengis sent an order to slaughter the town, including dogs and cats, and chopped off people's heads and left them for passerby to see. Ghengis dies in 1227, with plans to continue with expansion in move into western Russia, Ukraine, Mesopotamia and Persia, and give his title to his sons. The empire begins to split into Khanates/Kingdoms after his death Kublai Khan - Mongolian ruler of China who founded the Yuan Dynasty. Created a system of 'tax farming' which applied taxation across the land to accumulate wealth. Tries to push out the 'entrenched elite', which were those who had mastered the examination system created by the Sui and Tang Dynasty. Kublai Khan decides to get rid of the examination system, and attempts to expand the empire into Japan, and launches two major invasions that prove to be huge disasters because they are met with natural disasters. The Mongolian empire lasts under a century in China Zheng He - Was made a Yunic (men who were castrated) as a young boy, and was highly confident, and rises up the ranks to admiral. He was tasked with taking ships into the South Chinese sea, into the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. Took 7 voyages around to different parts, sharing the 'might' of china and bringing curious discoveries back to china. The goals of the voyages were unclear. In 1433 the voyages are stopped, some of the ships are destroyed, because the Mongolians still resided in the North, and were starting to get more organized, so Ming China built more fortification walls. Who was Atahualpa? - Incan emperor Atahualpa won control of the Inca Empire on the very day that the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro landed on the northern coast of Peru Which of the following was a major motive for European exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? - To find new sources of wealth and a way around Ottoman-controlled trade routes In the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, Europeans launched new voyages of exploration, commerce, and conquest out of a desire to spread Christianity, to undo Italian and Ottoman domination of trade with the East, and to tap entirely new sources of wealth. Which of the following advantages did the Portuguese capitalize on to help dominate the rich trade to ports on the Indian Ocean by the early sixteenth century? - Portugal's long history of seafaring and navigation allowed it to develop nautical technologies in order to conduct trade with distant lands. What does this illustration reveal about the role of Doña Maria in Cortés's conquest of the Aztec Empire? - Doña Maria's role as an interpreter and diplomat for Cortés was critically important to Cortés in his conquest of the Aztec Empire Encomienda System分封制 - Forced-labor system implemented by the Spanish in New Spain The Spanish quickly established the encomienda system in their American colonies whereby the crown granted conquerors the right to employ groups of Native Americans as laborers or to demand tribute from them in exchange for providing food and shelter. In practice, the encomiendas were a legalized form of slavery. Which of these was the first viceroyalty（总督） established by the Spanish? - New Spain New Spain was created in 1535. In a letter to Ferdinand and Isabella after his 1492 voyage, Christopher Columbus wrote, "In conclusion, to speak only of the results of this very hasty voyage, their Highnesses can see that I will give them as much gold as they require, if they will render me some very slight assistance; also I will give them all the spices and cotton they want. . . . I will also bring them as much aloes as they ask and as many slaves, who will be taken from the idolaters. I believe also that I have found rhubarb and cinnamon and there will be countless other things in addition." What was his apparent goal in this portion of his letter? - To reassure the king and queen of the benefits of his voyage and obtain funding for additional trips Columbus is assuring his benefactors, the king and queen, that the voyage they funded was profitable and that future ones would be equally or more profitable. What role did monarchs（君主） play in the European voyages of exploration of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? - They financially sponsored voyages and encouraged explorers to go farther than before The voyages of exploration were made possible by the growth of government power, and competition among European monarchs was an important factor in encouraging the steady stream of expeditions that began in the fifteenth century; monarchs such as those in Spain and Portugal offered financial support and encouragement to explorers. In his conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru, Francisco Pizarro's Spanish army 弗朗西斯科·皮萨罗的西班牙军队征服了秘鲁的印加帝国 - advanced south from Tumbes on the Pacific Coast of Peru to Cajamarca and then to a final successful invasion of Cuzco. What did Ferdinand and Isabella promise Columbus in the agreement they made with him before he departed in 1492? - He would get 10 percent of the profits and administration of any lands he claimed. 西班牙国王同意让哥伦布成为他可能发现的任何领土的总督，并给他旅途中十分之一的物质奖励 For what country did Christopher Columbus cross the Atlantic into the New World? 哥伦布是为了哪个国家横渡大西洋来到新大陆的? - Spain After being rejected by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1486, Columbus finally won the support of the Spanish monarchy in 1492. 在1486年被费迪南德和伊莎贝拉拒绝后，哥伦布终于在1492年赢得了西班牙王室的支持 What turned out to be the most profitable commodity obtained from France's colonies in Canada? - Furs When they were unable to find a northwest passage to Asia and its wealth, the French turned to a new source of profit within Canada itself: trade in the fur of beavers and other animals, as well as in fish.（海狸毛皮） Who were the Tlaxcala, and why were they important to the history of Mexico in the sixteenth century? - Enemies of the Mexica (Aztecs) who allied with the Spanish In October 1519, a combined Spanish-Tlaxcalan force occupied the city of Cholula and massacred several thousand people. What was the most common cause of death for native populations of the Americas after the arrival of Europeans? - Disease The major cause of death among native peoples was disease. Having little or no resistance to Old World diseases, the inhabitants of the Americas fell victim to smallpox, typhus, influenza, and other illnesses. From what city did Cortés begin his final and successful attack on Tenochtitlan? - Tlaxcala Cortés retreated to Tlaxcala after his initial defeat in 1520, and that city was the launching point for his successful attack on Tenochtitlan begun later that year. What trend did the creation of cabildo reflect in Spanish settlement in the Americas? - Settlement centered on cities and towns. Cabildo（市政委员会） - municipal councils, exercised local authority in Spanish towns and cities in the Americas. What factor was a key to the defeat of the Mexica by the Spanish? 西班牙打败墨西哥的关键因素是什么? - Moctezuma hesitated to launch an attack against the advancing Spaniards. 莫提库玛二世，墨西哥帝国的统治者，在西班牙人向他的首都进军时，没有攻击他们，而是欢迎科尔特斯和他的人进入特诺奇蒂特兰其他的当地领导人攻击西班牙人，但是莫特祖马依赖于他的国务院的建议，而国务院本身就分裂了莫特祖马的犹豫被证明是灾难性的 The death of large numbers of Native Americans in European colonies in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries caused what major problem for colonial administration? - Loss of subjugated labor Which of these statements best describes The Travels of Sir John Mandeville? - A purported firsthand account of travels in the Middle East, India, and China Who was Pedro Álvares Cabral? - The Portuguese commander of a fleet sent to the Indies that ended up in Brazil 1500年，葡萄牙国王任命佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔为前往印度进行香料贸易的舰队指挥官在途中，舰队向西航行了很长一段距离，意外地在巴西海岸登陆，卡布拉尔根据托尔德西拉条约(Treaty of Tordesillas)的条款，声称巴西是葡萄牙的领土 Why did the Spanish governor in Cuba send Hernán Cortés to Mexico in 1519? - To trade and explore the region The governor in Cuba sent Cortés to Mexico strictly for trade and exploration, but Cortés was impressed by the wealth of the local people and decided to defy the governor's orders and conquer the empire. What contribution（贡献） did the Portuguese make to maritime technology in the Age of Discovery? - Developing the caravel a small, light, three-mast sailing ship that was maneuverable, sturdy, and could be sailed with a small crew Where did Columbus think he was when he landed on Cuba? - China How did the Spanish conquests of the Inca, Maya, and Aztecs compare? - The Inca and Aztecs fell more easily to the Spanish forces than the Mayans because they were urban-based empires. 玛雅-城邦 阿兹特克和印加-帝国 What did Charles V of Spain commission Ferdinand Magellan（麦哲伦） to do? - Find a western route to Southeast Asian spices Who was the fifteenth-century Portuguese royal who supported the exploration of the western coast of Africa? - Prince Henry Ming Dynasty China (Asia) - last imperial dynasty (Chinese dynasty () that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols.) Zheng He (Asia) - Chinese explorer during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia Protestant Reformation (Europe) - A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. Martin Luther - a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Portugal (The Age of Discovery) - - Lisbon was the capital - Conquered Ceuta - Henry the Navigator - Bartolomeu Dias - Vasco de Gama - etc. Lisbon - Capital of Portugal Ceuta - a Muslim city in North Africa Prince Henry the Navigator conquered in 1415; the Portuguese found exotic stores filled with pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and the spices. In addition, they encountered large supplies of gold, silver, and jewels; the first toehold into Africa which started exploration Henry the Navigator (Portugal) - Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal) - First European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in Africa Vasco de Gama (Portugal) - First European to sail around Africa and reach India Christopher Columbus - He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India; made it to the Bahamas; miscalculated how big the world is What is a global economy? - Worldwide markets in which the buying and selling of goods and services by all nations takes place; connects people, language, and goods Potosi (found by Portugal) - Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America; "rich hill" How was Portugal able to afford these excursions around the world? - Got people to invest and exchange monetary value of silver and get people to pay more for it The Hapsburgs (Netherlands) - Powerful ROYAL FAMILY in Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain. Fought in a bunch of wars and owned huge territory. Huge impact. How does the Netherlands become the Dutch Republic? - The Dutch rebellion happens and throws the Hapsbergs out of power, then they become a republic East India Company - An English trading company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) - Spanish Pope Alexander created this treaty and it was signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia. How was Spain able to acquire the majority of the Americas? - Disease, tools, experience, and motivation Golden Age of British Piracy - Due to the fact British ships had more artillery, legitimized piracy, and competing with Spain; privateers share riches and can do whatever they want Spanish Armada (1588) - Spanish fleet sent to invade England but failed; marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. joint-stock company - when people funded settlements in Americas Feudalism in France - Nobles had more power; Political system in which land is exchanged for protection. 1. King (no real power; only figurehead) 2. Nobles (receive a fief from the king) 3. Vassals (lesser nobles) 4. Knights (warrior class) 5. Serfs (provided free labor) Absolutism in France - - King had total power - the king's word was law - Louis XIII and Louis XIV was the absolute ruler Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu - French king and chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles Louis XIII's Bureaucracy - Used to take power away from nobles by dividing land Louis XIV of France - "Sun King", absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes; created a standing army What is a regent? - A regent is someone who rules in place of a monarch until they are old enough to rule on their own (Louis XIV's was his mom) The Fronde - A rebellion during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation; led Louis XIV to implement absolutism; led by Aristocrats and made poor people soldiers Glorious Revolution (1688) (Britain) - Bloodless overthrow of King James II. established William and Mary as the new leaders; led to permanent use of parliament and a constitutional monarchy English Gentry (Britain) - lower nobility who challenged James I and his power by trying to keep that power in parliament Parliament (Britain) - A body of elected people to keep the king in check John Locke () (Enlightment) - 1. English philosopher who wrote "The Two Treaties of Government" 2. Viewed humans as basically rational beings who learn from experience 3. Formulated the theory of natural rights, arguing that people are born with basic rights to "life, liberty, and property" 4. Insisted that governments are formed to protect natural rights 5. Stated that the governed have a right to rebel against rulers who violate natural rights Philosophes believed (Enlightenment) - Land created wealth which brought about economic liberalism Montesquieu (Enlightenment) - Wrote "Persian Letters" that was about a Persian Prince going around Europe and composing Persian letters; showed people around Europe and cultured them Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Enlightenment) - idea of a 'natural society'; letting people do their own thing and trying to control them would corrupt them Adam Smith (Enlightenment) - wrote "The Wealth of Nations" to explain his ideas concerning economics; central ideas were that people are selfish and the government shouldn't run the economy Jean-Paul Marat (French Revolution) - French revolutionary leader who got many people killed; stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday () and was painted by Jacques Louis David who depicted him as a matyr Jacques-Louis David (French Revolution) - painted the Death of Marat who was killed in a bathtub Charlotte Corday (French Revolution) - Killed Marat in bath tub because she thought that killing him would stop the violence. Estates General (French Revolution) - France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. National Assembly (French Revolution) - French Revolutionary assembly (). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change; 3rd estate (commoners) broke off because the realized they have no power Bastille Prison (French Revolution) - hated royal prison, stormed by peasants who wanted arms; represented king's despotism aka 'the crown'; becomes symbol of French independence Declaration of t